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Bio Mod 5

Heritability

QuestionAnswer
Distinguish between chromosomes and chromatids. A chromosome is made up of two strands which are identical to each other, and these are called Chromatids.
What happens during PROPHASE? During prophase, the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.
What happens during METAPHASE? During metaphase, the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell.
What happens during ANAPHASE? In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
What happens during TELOPHASE? During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact.
What is CYTOKINESIS? The physical separation of the two daughter cells formed during mitosis.
What is the order of mitosis? PMAT: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
What are PLACENTAL MAMALS? Placental mammals give birth to live young. Offspring predominately develop in the mother's womb.
What are MONOTREMES? Mammals which lay eggs. The only monotremes are echidnas and platypus.
What are MARSUPIALS? The young are born small and underdeveloped and continue to develop in the mother's pouch. Examples: kangaroos and koalas.
What is asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction refers to the production of identical offspring from just one parent via mitosis. Offspring are therefore clones of the parent (unless mutations occur.)
What is fission? A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell splits into 2 or more cells.
What is budding? A form of asexual reproduction in which smaller outgrowths come off a parent cell.
What is fragmentation? A form of asexual reproduction involving fragmentation of body parts of multicellular organisms.
What is spore formation (fungi)? A form of asexual reproduction. Spores produced asexually are called mitospores.
What is vegetative reproduction? A form of asexual reproduction in which specialised plant tissue can grow if separated from parent plant.
What is parthenogenesis? A form of asexual reproduction which can result in the development of an egg in the absence of fertilisation.
What are the main advantages of asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction is energetically efficient, rapid and well suited to a stable environment.
What are the main disadvantages of asexual reproduction? Rapid population growth can lead to increased competition and overcrowding and there is no genetic variation, so species are more vulnerable to extinction.
What are somatic cells? Diploid (2n) body cells which grow, develop and reproduce via mitosis. Each somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes.
What are gametes? Haploid (n) sex cells which reproduce via meiosis. Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes.
What is a zygote? A fertilised gamete which has 46 chromosomes.
What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction? It creates genetic variation in a population.
What is the main disadvantage of sexual reproduction? It requires a lot of energy to find a mate, reproduce and raise young.
What is external fertilisation? Male sperm fertilises female egg outside of the female’s body. Mostly occurs in aquatic environments. (Examples: frogs and fish)
What is internal fertilisation? Fertilisation occurs inside of the female’s body.
What are the benefits of external fertilisation? External fertilisation is rapid and prolific, continuous and energetically efficient.
What are the disadvantages of external fertilisation? External fertilisation requires more gametes to be reproduced, and the parents have no control over the gametes once released. There is a decreased chance of successful fertilisation and the gametes and zygotes are exposed to predation and disease.
What are the advantages of internal fertilisation? More likely to be successful, gametes and zygotes are protected from predation and disease, developing young are fed and protected, increasing their chance of survival.
What are the disadvantages of internal fertilisation? Internal fertilisation is slow and very energetically costly.
What does 'viviparous' mean? It means "give birth to live young."
Which hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the testes? Luteinising hormone from the pituitary glands.
Which hormone triggers ovulation? Luteinising hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
At what stage of embryonic development do cells begin to differentiate? When the cells form a blastocyst.
What are the 3 primary layers of the gastrula? The ectoderm (outer), the mesoderm (middle, and the endoderm (inner).
Created by: bfernanc
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