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Inside Earth Ch. 2
Earthquakes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stress | A force acting on rock to change its shape or volume. |
| shearing | Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions. |
| compression | Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. |
| tension | Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
| deformation | A change in the volume or shape of Earth’s crust. |
| fault | A break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other. |
| strike-slip fault | A fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion. |
| normal fault | A fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. |
| hanging wall | The block of rock that lies above a fault line. |
| footwall | The block of rock that lies below the fault line. |
| reverse fault | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward. |
| fault-block mountain | A mountain that forms where a normal fault uplifts a block of rock. |
| fold | A bend in rock that forms where part of Earth’s crust is compressed. |
| anticline | An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth’s crust. |
| syncline | A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth’s crust. |
| plateau | A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. |
| focus | The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. |
| epicenter | Point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus. |
| seismic waves | Vibrations that travel through the Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. |
| primary wave | A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. It is the fastest seismic wave. |
| secondary wave | A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. Secondary waves are slower than primary waves and cannot travel through a liquid. |
| surface wave | A type of seismic wave that forms when primary and secondary waves reach Earth’s surface. They cause the most damage. |
| seismograph | A machine that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth. |
| magnitude | Measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. |
| Mercalli Scale | A scale that rates earthquakes according to how much damage they cause at a particular place. |
| Richter Scale | A scale for measuring earthquakes. Each step in scale is 10 times more powerful than the step below. |
| moment magnitude scale | A rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake. This is used today. |
| aftershock | An earthquake that occurs as a result of a larger previous earthquake. |
| liquefaction | A temporary state in which loose soil and rock materials take on the property of liquid, often as a result of severe ground-shaking. (Basically makes quicksand) |
| tsunami | (Japanese for "harbor wave") - Seismic sea wave that begins over an earthquake focus and can be highly destructive when it crashes on shore. |
| base-isolated building | A type of seismic-safe building designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches a building during an earthquake. Sits on rubber pads or springs, like a car. |
Created by:
beviskil11
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