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Ch. 6
General Cellular Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are all organisms made of? | Cells |
| What takes cells apart & separates the major organelles from one another? | Cell fractionation |
| What are the two basic structural & functional unit of every organisms in one or two types of cells? | Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells |
| What type of cells has only organisms of the domains Bacteria & Archaea? | Prokaryotic cells |
| What type of cells consist of protists, fungi, animals, & plants? | Eukaryotic cells |
| What does smooth mean? | No ribosomes |
| What does rough mean? | Has ribosomes |
| What does the abbrev. auto mean? | Self |
| What does the abbrev. phagy mean? | Eating |
| What does cyto mean? | Cell |
| What are the basic features of cells? | Plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosomes (carry genes), & ribosomes (make proteins). |
| Which cell is larger in size? | Eukaryotic |
| Which cell is smaller in size? | Prokaryotic |
| Which cell has no nucleus, DNA in an inbound region (nucleoid), no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane? | Prokaryotic cells |
| Which cell has DNA in the nucleus (double membrane) membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm (between plasma & nucleus)? | Eukaryotic cells |
| What is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, & waste to service the volume pf every cell? | Plasma membrane |
| What happens when a cell increases in size? | Its volume grows proportionally more than the surface area. |
| Eukaryotic cells has internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments called? | Organelles |
| What cells have most of the same organelles? | Plant & animal cells |
| What contains the most DNA in the eukaryotic cells? | Nucleus |
| What uses the information from the DNA in a eukaryotic cells? | Ribosomes |
| What contains the most of the cell genes & is usually the most conspicuous organelle? | Nucleus |
| What encloses the nucleus, separating it form the cytoplasm? | Nuclear envelope |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | A double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer. |
| What is pores, lined with a structure called? | Pore complex |
| What does the pore complex do? | Regulate to entry & exit of molecules form the nucleus. |
| Nuclear size of the envelope is lined by the what? | Nuclear limina |
| What does the nuclear lamina do? | Composes of proteins & maintains the shape of the nucleus. |
| In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units is called? | Chromosomes |
| Each chromosomes contains one DNA molecule associated with proteins called? | Chromatin |
| What does chromatin do? | It condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide. |
| What is located within the nucleus & its the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis (mRNA)? | Nucleolus |
| What are ribosomes made of? | Ribosomal RNA & protein |
| Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations? | In the cytosol & on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes). |
| Cytosol | Free ribosomes |
| The endomembrane system consists of? | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles & plasma membrane |
| What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? | Accounts for more than half of the total, membrane in many eukaryotic cells. |
| What membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope? | ER membrane |
| What are the two distinct regions of ER? | Smooth ER & rough ER |
| What are the characteristics of smooth ER? | Lack of ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs & poisons, stores calcium ions. |
| What are the characteristics of rough ER? | Contains bound ribosomes; which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates), distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes, is a membrane factory for the cell. |
| The golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranes sacs that are called? | Cisternae |
| What does the golgi apparatus do? | Modifies products of ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts & package materials into transport vesicles. |
| What is a lysosome? | A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzyme that can digest macromolecules. |
| What are made by rough ER & then transferred to the golgi apparatus for further processing? | Hydrolytic enzymes & lysosomal membranes |
| some type of cell that engulf another cell is called? | Phagocytosis |
| When a cell engulfs another cell this creates what? | A food vacuole |
| Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles & macromolecules is called? | Autophagy |
| What are vacuoles? | They are large vesicles derived from ER & golgi apparatus. |
| What do contractile vacuoles do? | Pump excess water out of the cells. |
| Where are contractile vacuoles found? | In many freshwater protists |
| What do central vacuoles do? | Hold organic compounds & water. |
| What are central vacuoles found? | In many mature plant cells |
| What does the endomembrane system do? | A complex & dynamic player in the cell's compartmental organization. |
| What is the site of cellular respiration? | Mitochondria |
| Cellular respiration | A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP. |
| What are chloroplasts? | Found in plants & algae is also the site of photosynthesis. |
| Mitochondria & chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria how? | Enveloped by a double membrane, contains free ribosomes & circular DNA molecules, grow & reproduce somewhat independently in cells. |
| The similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts led to? | Endosymbiont theory |
| What does the endosymbiont theory do? | Suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. |
| Engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell becomes what? | Endosymbiont |
| What does the endosymbiont evolve into? | Mitochondria |
| At least one of these cells may have then taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, which evolves into? | Chloroplasts |
| What are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells? | Mitochondria |
| What do mitochondria consist of? | They have a smooth outer membrane & an inner membrane folded into cristae. |
| The inner membrane creates two compartments known as? | Intermembrane space & mitochondria matrix |
| Some metabolic steps of _______ ________ are catalyzed in the mitochondria matrix. | Cellular respiration |
| What presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP? | Cristae |
| What do chloroplasts contain? | Green pigment known as chlorophyll, as well as enzymes & other molecules that function in photosynthesis. |
| Where are chloroplasts found? | Leaves & other green organs of plants & in algae |
| What are the structures of chloroplasts? | -thylakoids, membranous sac, stacked to form a granum -stroma, the internal fluid |
| The chloroplast in one group of plant organelles is known as? | Plastids |
| What are peroxisomes? | Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. |
| What do peroxisomes produce? | Hydrogen peroxide & convert in to water. |
| What is a cytoskeleton? | Is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. |
| What do cytoskeletons do? | Organizes the cells structure & activities, anchoring many organelles. |
| Cytoskeleton is composed of three types of molecular structures known as? | -microtubules -microfilaments -intermediate filaments |
| What helps to support the cell & maintain its shape? | Cytoskeleton |
| What interacts with motor proteins to produce cell mobility? | Cytoskeleton |
| Inside the cell, what can travel along the tracks provided by the cytoskeleton? | Vesicles |
| What are the components of cytoskeletons? | -microtubules are the thickest of the three components -microfilaments, actin filaments, are the thinnest component -intermediate filaments are fibers with diameters in middle range |
| What are microtubules? | Are hollow rods about 25nm in diameter & about 200nm to 25 microns long |
| What are microtubules constructed of? | Dimers of tubulin |
| What are the functions of microtubules? | -shaping the cell -guiding movement of organelles -separating chromosomes during cell divison |
| In animal cells, _______ grows out from a centrosome near the nucleus. | Microtubules |
| In animal cells, ________ has a pair of centrioles, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring. | Centrosome |
| Microtubules control the beating of what? | Flagella & cilia |
| What are flagella & cilia? | Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells. |
| Many _________ _______ are propelled through water by cilia & flagella. | Unicellular eukaryotes |
| Cilia & flagella differ in their beating of pattern & share common structure... | -group of microtubules sheathed by an extension of the plasma membrane -basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum -motor protein; dynein, which drives the bending movements of cilium & flagellum |
| What is dynein? | Has two "feet" that "walk" along microtubules. |
| In dynein what do the feet do? | One foot maintains contact, while the other releases & reattaches on step farther along. |
| In dynein what do the movement in the feet do? | Causes the microtubules to bend, rather than slide, because microtubules are held in place. |
| What are microfilaments? | Solid rods about 7nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits. |
| What do microfilaments do? | They form a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell's shape. |
| What is cytoplasmic streaming? | Circular flow of cytoplasm within the cell, driving by acting-myosin interactions. |
| What are intermediate filaments? | Range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. |
| What do intermediate filaments do? | They are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes, they support cell shape & fix organelles in place. |
| What is the cell wall? | Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. They are made of cellose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides & proteins. |
| What also has cell walls? | Prokaryotes, fungi, & some unicellular eukaryotes |
| What do cell walls do? | Protect the plant cell, maintains its shape, & prevents excessive uptake of water. |
| Plant cells walls have multiple layers called? | -Primary cell wall-relatively thin & flexible -Middle lamella-thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells. -Secondary cell wall-(in some cells) added between plasma membrane + the primary cell wall |
| What do animal cells lack _______ but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix. | cell walls |
| Extracellular matric (EMC) proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called? | Integrins |
| What do cells rely on in order to function? | Integration of structures & organelles |
Created by:
madisontidwell
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