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Chapter 2:1 science.
For studying science
Question | Answer |
---|---|
stress | A force acting on rock to change its shape or volume. |
shearing | Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions |
compression | Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
tension | Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
deformation | A change in the volume or shape of Earth’s crust. |
fault | a break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other. |
normal fault | A fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust. |
hanging wall | The block of rock that lies above a fault line. |
footwall | The block of rock that lies below the fault line. |
reverse fault | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward. |
fault-block mountain | A mountain that forms where a normal fault uplifts a block of rock. |
fold | A bend in rock that forms where part of Earth’s crust is compressed. |
anticline | An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth’s crust. |
syncline | A downward fold in rock formed by compression in Earth’s crust. |
plateau | A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. |
focus | The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. |
epicenter | Point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus |
seismic waves | vibrations that travel through the earth carrying the energy release during an earthquake |
P-Wave | (P=Primary) A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. It is the fastest seismic wave. (P=Primary) A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. It is the fastest seismic wave. S-wave |
. S-wave | S=Secondary) A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side. S-waves are slower than P-waves and cannot travel through a liquid. |
surface wave | Type of seismic wave that forms when P and S waves reach Earth’s surface. Causes the most damage. |
seismograph | A machine that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth. |
magnitude | Measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults. |
Mercalli Scale | A scale that rates earthquakes according to how much damage they cause at a particular place. |
Richter Scale | *Scale for measuring earthquakes, *Each step in scale is 10 times more powerful than the step below. |
moment magnitude scale | A rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake. Used today. |