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Digestive Sys.
BIO 3 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nutrition | food is taken in, apart, and up in the process of... |
| herbivores | eat mainly plants and algae |
| carnivores | eat other animals |
| omnivores | regularly consume animals/plants/algae |
| chemical energy | converted into ATP to power cellular processes |
| organic building blocks | such as organic carbon and organic nitrogen to synthesize a variety of organic molecules |
| essential nutrients | required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources; essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals |
| essential amino acids | must be obtained from food in preassembled form |
| in animals fatty acids are converted into.. | a variety of cellular components such as membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, and storage fats |
| essential fatty acids | cannot be synthesized by animals but can be synthesized by plants |
| vitamins | organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts |
| minerals | simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts |
| malnutrition | the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients |
| an undernourished individual will: | use up stored fat and carbs, break down its own proteins, lose muscle mass, suffer protein deficiency of the brain, and die or suffer irreversible damage |
| food processing | ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination |
| ingestion | act of eating or feeding; extracting resources from food |
| digestion | process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb |
| absorption | uptake of nutrients by body cells |
| elimination | passage of undigested material out of the digestive system |
| mechanical digestion | chewing; increases the surface area of food |
| chemical digestion | splits food into small molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis, that can pass through membranes |
| specialized compartments | reduce the risk of an animal digesting its won cells and tissues |
| intracellular digestion | food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis |
| food vacuoles | containing food; fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes |
| extracellular digestion | the breakdown of food particles outside of cells; occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body |
| gastrovascular cavity | animals with simple body plans; functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients |
| alimentary canal | more complex animals have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus; can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion |
| mammalian digestive system | consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts |
| mammalian accessory glands: | pancreas, salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder |
| oral cavity | the first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the... |
| salivary glands | deliver saliva to the oral cavity through ducts |
| amylase | initiates breakdown of glucose polymers |
| mucus | within saliva; a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins |
| bolus | the tongue shapes food into this to provide help with swallowing |
| pharynx | the junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea |
| esophagus | connects to the stomach; conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach through rhythmic cycles of contraction |
| trachea (windpipe) | leads to the lungs |
| peristalsis | how food is pushed along; rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal |
| sphincters | valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments; prevents chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine |
| stomach | stores food and secretes gastric juice |
| chyme | converting a meal to a mixture of food and digestive juice |
| gastric juice | has a low pH of 2 which kills bacteria and denatures proteins; made up of hydrochloric acid and pepsin |
| protease | protein-digesting enzyme that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides |
| mucus | protects the stomach lining from gastric juice |
| gastric ulcers | lesions in the stomach lining caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori |
| small intestine | longest section of the alimentary canal |
| duodenum | the first portion of the small intestine where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and intestinal wall |
| pancreas | produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are activated in the lumen of the duodenum; neutralizes the acidic chyme |
| bile | within the small intestine; aids in digestion and absorption of fats; destroys nonfunctional red blood cells |
| liver | bile is made here; regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and detoxifies many organic molecules |
| gallbladder | bile is stored here |
| villi and microvilli | project into the intestinal lumen; within the small intestine to create a large surface area |
| hepatic portal vein | carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart |
| bile salts | emulsify fat droplets allowing lipase enzymes to cleave triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| epithelial cells | absorbs fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombines them into triglycerides |
| chylomicrons | water-soluble; made with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins; transported into a lacteal |
| lacteal | a lymphatic vessel in each villus |
| lymphatic vessels | delivers chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to heat |
| colon | recovers water that has entered the alimentary canal; houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material; of the large intestine; is connected to the small intestine |
| cecum | aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet |
| appendix | extension of the cecum; plays a minor role in immunity |
| feces | including undigested material and bacteria, becomes more solid as they move through colon |
| rectum | where feces is stored until they can be eliminated through the anus |
| dentition | an animals assortment of teeth, is one example of structural variation reflecting diet |
| fermentation chambers | in many herbivores; within their alimentary canal where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose |
| microbiome | the collection of bacteria in the human digestive system |
| ruminants | the cud-chewing animals that include deer, sheep cattle; adaptations for herbivore diets |
| enteric division | in the nervous system; helps to regulate the digestive process |
| endocrine system | regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones |
| bioenergetics | the flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines nutritional need |
| metabolic rate | an animals energy use per unit of time |
| how can metabolic rate be determined? | by monitoring an animals rate of heat loss, the amount of O2 consumed, or amount of CO2 produced |
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) | the metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | the minimum metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, not experiencing stress |
| diabetes mellitus | a disease caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues |
| type 1 diabetes | an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells |
| type 2 diabetes | characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin |
| ghrelin | a hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers a feeling of hunger before meals |
| insulin and PYY | a hormone secreted by the small intestine after eating, both suppress appetite |
| leptin | a hormone produced by adipose tissue, also suppresses appetite and may regulate body fat levels |
Created by:
lainey2790
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