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Reproductive Sys.
BIO 3 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sexual reproduction | creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote |
| asexual reproduction | creation of an offspring without fusion of egg and sperm |
| budding | how many invertebrates reproduce in which new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones |
| fission | the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size |
| fragmentation | breaking of body into pieces, some or all of which develops into adults |
| regeneration | regrowth of lost body parts |
| parthenogenesis | development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg |
| hermaphroditism | one solution for finding a partner for sexual reproduction; in which each individual has male and female reproductive systems |
| fertilization | union of sperm and egg; required by sexual reproduction |
| external fertilization | eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment |
| internal fertilization | sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract; requires specialized tissues, organs, and ducts |
| embryos of some animals can develop... | in eggs with calcium and protein containing shells and several internal membranes |
| gonads | organs that produce gametes; many but not all animals have |
| gametes | forms from undifferentiated tissue |
| spermatheca | in many insects; in which sperm may be kept alive for extended periods |
| cloaca | nonmammalian vertebrates; common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems |
| male external reproductive organs: | penis and the scrotum |
| male internal reproductive organs: | gonads that produce sperm and reproductive hormones, accessory glands that secrete products essential to sperm movement, and ducts that carry sperm and glandular secretions |
| testes | male gonads that produce sperm in highly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules |
| scrotum | fold of the body wall, maintains testis temperature at about 2 degrees celsius below the core body temperature |
| epididymis | from the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the coiled duct of the ... |
| during ejaculation... | sperm are propelled though the muscular vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct and then exit the penis through the urethra |
| semen | composed of sperm plus secretions from 3 sets of accessory glands |
| seminal vesicles | two of these; contribute to about 60% of the total volume of semen |
| prostate gland | secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts |
| bulbourethral glands | secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation the neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra |
| penis | composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue |
| female external reproductive structures: | clitoris and two sets of labia |
| female internal reproductive organs: | a pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus |
| ovaries | the female gonads; lie in the abdominal cavity |
| follicles | inside each ovary; many |
| oocyte | consists of a partially developed egg; surrounded by support cells |
| ovulation | a mature egg is released |
| oviduct | a mature egg that travels from the ovary to the uterus via an ... |
| uterus | cilia in the oviduct convey the egg to the...(womb) |
| endometrium | the uterus lining; has many blood vessels |
| cervix | the neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina |
| vagina | a muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal |
| vulva | where the vagina opens to the outside; consists of the labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris |
| mammary glands | not part of the reproductive system but important to mammalian reproduction |
| within the mammary glands... | small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk |
| gametogenesis | production of gametes |
| spermatogenesis | development of sperm; continuous and prolific (millions a day); each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop; occurs in the seminiferous tubules |
| oogenesis | development of a mature egg; is a prolonged process |
| mammalian reproduction | is coordinated by hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads |
| gonadotropin | releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and directs the release of (FSH) and (LH) from the anterior pituitary |
| androgens | responsible for male vocalizations and courtship displays |
| sertoli cells | found in the seminiferous tubules, respond to FSH by nourishing developing sperm |
| leydig cells | connective tissue between the tubules, respond to LH by secreting testosterone and other androgens, which promote spermatogenesis |
| testosterone | regulates the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms |
| inhibin | secreted by the sertoli cells; reduces FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary |
| ovarian cycle | cyclic events in the ovaries; releases an oocyte once per cycle |
| menstrual cycle (uterine cycle) | changes in the uterus |
| menstruation | if an oocyte is not fertilized and pregnancy does not occur, the uterine lining is sloughed off in this process |
| during each menstrual cycle... | the endometrium thickens with blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation and development |
| FSH and LH | stimulate the follicle to grow |
| LH | surge in this hormone triggers ovulation |
| progesterone and estradiol | promote thickening of endometrium |
| menopause | after about 500 cycles, human females undergo this; the cessation of ovulation and menstruation |
| estrous cycles | endometrium is absorbed by the uterus; sexual receptivity is limited to a "heat" period; length and frequency vary |
| molecules and events at the egg surface... | play a crucial role in each step of fertilization |
| first step of fertilization: | sperm penetrates the protective layer around egg |
| second step of fertilization: | receptors on the sperm surface bind to molecules on the egg surface |
| third step of fertilization: | changes at the egg surface prevent polyspermy, the entry of multiple sperm nuclei into egg |
| fertilization initiates... | metabolic reactions that trigger the onset of embryonic development, thus "activating" the egg |
| sperm entry tiggers... | a release of Ca2+, which activates the egg and triggers the cortical reaction, the slow block of polyspermy |
| activation leads to events such as... | increased protein synthesis that precede the formation of a diploid nucleus |
| cleavage | second to fertilization; a period of rapid cell division without growth; partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells |
| blastula | is a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel; produced after about 5-7 cleavage divisions |
| morphogenesis | the remaining stages of embryonic development; the cellular and tissue based processes by which the animal body takes shape |
| gastrulation | a set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula moves to an interior location, cell layers are established and a primitive digestive tube forms |
| gastrula | the hollow blastula is reorganized into a 2 or 3 layered embryo |
| germ layers | the cell layers produced by gastrulation |
| ectoderm | the outer layer |
| endoderm | the inner layer |
| mesoderm | forms between the endoderm and the ectoderm |
| one distinction between cell movements and interactions is... | whether the mouth develops at the first opening that forms in the embryo (protostones) or the second (deuterostomes) |
| organogenesis | regions of the embryonic germ layers develop into rudiments of body organs; first trimester |
| conception | fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the oviduct |
| gestation (pregnancy) | the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus |
| trophoblast | the outer layer of the blastocyst; mingles with the endometrium and eventually forms the placenta |
| fetus | all the major structures are present by 8 weeks and the embryo is called a... |
| second trimester | the fetus grows and is very active; fetal movements |
| third trimester | the fetus grows and fills the space within the embryonic membrane |
| prostaglandins and hormones | local regulators; induce and regulate further contractions of the uterus during labor |
| prolactin | suckling stimulates the release of this hormone which in turn stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, and the secretion of oxytocin |
| oxytocin | triggers milk release from the mammary glands |
| contraceptive methods fall into 3 categories: | keeping sperm and egg apart, preventing implantation of an embryo, and preventing development or release of eggs/sperm |
Created by:
lainey2790
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