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Biology Exam

Biology exam study for 2023 semester 2 exams

QuestionAnswer
Anabolic A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules.
anaerobic respiration Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.
Arteries function carry blood away from heart; Thick walled.
Boundary of cell plasma membrane.
phospholipid bilayer controls what comes in and out.
bronchloles Smaller tubes, Branch repeatedly, becoming smaller and smaller until they lead to the alveoli.
Bronchus Trachea splits into two tubes carrying air to the lung.
Capillaries function exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid, really small.
Catabolic A process in which large molecules are broken down.
Cell Membrane A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Cell transport movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
Cell Wall strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells.
cellular respiration the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food (ATP).
Chloroplasts
Cilla The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner.
Competitive Inhibitors
Cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
cytoskeleton
Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm.
Diaphragm Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing.
Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Digestion Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.
digestive system Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
Egestion The removal of nonsoluble waste materials.
Endergonic absorbs energy.
Endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane.
enzyme inhibitors A chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity.
Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts.
Exergonic releases energy.
Exocytosis a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
External Environment When the food still has not passed into the internal environment.
Facilitated Diffusion process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels.
Flagella whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.
Gallbladder A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion.
gaseous exchange The process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide.
Golgi Complex a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell.
Hypertonic when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution.
Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s).
Ingestion Intake of food.
Internal Environment When the food pass into the cells.
Irreversible Inhibitors usually form covalent bonds with enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them.
Isotonic when the concentration of two solutions is the same.
large intestine The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body.
Larynx voice box.
lock and key model of enzyme action A key fits a specific lock like an enzyme fits specific substrates. Enzymes catalyze the reaction of specific substrates.
Lysosomes cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.
Mitochondria organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production.
non-competitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective.
Nucleolus Makes ribosomes.
Nucleus Control centre of the cell with DNA.
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Pharynx throat; passageway for food and air.
Photosynthesis Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.
Photosynthesis word equation - carbon dioxide + water ---sunlight/chlorophyll---> glucose + oxygen.
Platelets (thrombocytes) - blood clotting.
Red Blood Cells - Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
Ribosomes - Makes proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) - transports proteins through the cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) - makes and transports liquids and fats.
The Circulatory System - This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood
vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body.
The Liver - produces bile.
The mouth - where digestion begins, Mechanical digestion of food.
Saliva - from salivary glands.
The oesophagus - The muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Via peristalsis Which are muscle contractions.
The Pancreas - An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete i
The Respiratory System - system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs.
The small Intestines - Organ where most chemical digestion and absorption takes place.
The Stomach - large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food.
Trachea - windpipe, reinforced with rings of cartilage.
Vacuoles - Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials, bigger in plant cells
veins function carry blood to the heart.
Vesicles - "Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane.
white blood cells (leukocytes)- respond to injury or infection.
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