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Immune Sys.
BIO 3 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pathogens | agents that cause disease, infects a wide range of animals and humans |
| immune system | enables an animal to avoid or limit infections |
| innate immunity | all animals/plants have this; a defense that is active immediately upon infection; foundation of adaptive immunity; (generally identify) |
| adaptive (acquired) immunity | in vertebrates; develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, etc. |
| receptor proteins | binds molecules or structures common to viruses, bacteria, etc. |
| physical barriers | insects exoskeleton |
| lysozyme | enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls, protecting against pathogens ingested along with food |
| recognition protein | recognizes a broad class of pathogens in insects |
| phagocytosis | the ingestion and breakdown of bacteria, etc. |
| hemocytes | circulates within hemolymph and carries out phagocytosis; releases antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the plasma membrane of fungi and bacteria |
| innate defenses include... | barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides, natural killer cells, interferons, and inflammatory response |
| barrier defenses include... | the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
| mucus | traps and allows for the removal of microbes |
| toll-like receptors (TLR's) | how phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens; binds to fragments of molecules characteristic to a set of pathogens |
| neutrophils | a phagocytic cell the circulates in blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues |
| macrophages | a phagocytic cell found throughout the body |
| dendritic cells | has a role in innate defense; stimulates development of adaptive immunity in cells that contact the environment (skin) |
| eosinophils | has a role in innate defense; attacks multicellular invaders by discharging destructive enzymes |
| pathogen recognition | triggers release of peptides and proteins that attack pathogens or impede their reproduction |
| natural killer cells | cellular innate defense mechanism; circulates through the body and detects abnormal cells; releases chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells |
| inflammatory response | local or systemic; such as pain and swelling, is brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection |
| cytokines | signaling molecules that modulate the immune response and promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection |
| activated (blank) and (blank) release cytokines | macrophages and neutrophils |
| histamine | released by most cells to triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable |
| pus | a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues |
| septic shock | a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response |
| tuberculosis (TB) | resists breakdown within lysosomes after being engulfed by a host cell |
| T cells | lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart |
| B cells | lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow |
| antigens | substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell |
| antigen receptor | identical to one another |
| recognition | occurs when a B or T cell binds to an antigen via an antigen receptor |
| epitope | small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor |
| each B cell antigen receptor is a Y-shaped molecule with two identical.... | heavy chains and light chains |
| B cell activation | binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen |
| antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) | soluble form of this protein; similar to B cell receptors but are not membrane bound |
| each T cell receptor consists of two different... | polypeptide chains (a+B) |
| the tips of the polypeptide chain form... | a variable (V) region |
| antigen-binding site | the V regions of the (a+B) chains together |
| T cells bind only to... | antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell |
| MHC (major histocompatibility complex) | molecules are host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface |
| in infected cells... | antigens are cleaved into smaller peptides by enzymes |
| antigen presentation | when MHC molecules bind and transport the antigen fragments to the cell surface |
| after antigen presentation happens... | a T cell can then bind both the antigen fragment and MHC molecule; now the T cell can participate in adaptive immune response |
| 4 major characteristics of adaptive immune response: | diversity of lymphocytes and receptors; self tolerance; proliferation of B and T cells after activation; immunological memory |
| Ig genes | the capacity to generate diversity is built into the structure of these... |
| apoptosis | some B and T cells with receptors specific for the bodys own molecules are destroyed by ___; the others are non-functional |
| activates the lymphocyte | the binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen initiates events that... |
| clonal selection | a B or T cell undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce a clone of identical cells |
| plasma cells | for B cells, the effector forms (acts against antigen); secretes antibodies |
| memory cells | long lived; gives rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again |
| immunological memory | responsible for long-term protection against diseases, due to a prior infection |
| primary immune response | the first exposure to a specific antigen; selected B and T cells give rise to their effector forms |
| secondary immune response | memory cells facilitate a faster, stronger, longer response |
| humoral immune response | antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph; secretion of antibodies by clonally selected B cells |
| cell mediated immune response | specialized T cells destroy infected host cells |
| helper T cell | a type of T cell that triggers both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses |
| activation of B cells involves... | helper T cells and proteins on the surface of pathogens |
| antibodies | does not kill pathogens, instead they mark pathogens for destruction |
| neutralization | antibodies bind to toxins in body fluids and prevent them from entering body cells |
| cytotoxic T cells | the effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response; recognizes fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells |
| activated cytotoxic T cells... | secretes proteins that disrupt the membranes of target cells and triggers apoptosis |
| active immunity | occurs naturally when a pathogen infects the body; vaccines |
| passive immunity | provides immediate, short-term protection |
| immunization | when inactivated bacterial toxins or weakened or killed pathogens are introduced |
| polyclonal antibodies | produced following exposure to an antigen, are products of many different clones of plasma cells, each specific for a different epitope |
| monoclonal antibodies | prepared from a single clone of B cells grown in culture |
| allergies | hypersensitive responses to antigens called allergens |
| localized allergies | hay fever; plasma cells secrete antibodies specific for antigens on the surface of pollen grains |
| autoimmune disease | the immune system targets certain molecules of the body; includes systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis |
| what influences susceptibility to autoimmune disorders? | genes, heredity, and the environment |
| latency | some viruses avoid an immune response by infecting cells and entering an inactive state |
| stimuli include... | stress, fever, and menstruation |
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) | both attacks and escapes the immune system; AIDS is caused by this; infects helper T cells with high efficiency |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | have a compromised immune system and die from a secondary infection |
| when the adaptive immunity is impaired... | the frequency of certain cancers increase |
Created by:
lainey2790
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