Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Unit 1 Terms
Human Biology 2 - Unit 1 Terms - Sophia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate; a molecule that is used inside cells as a source of energy. |
| Acetyl CoA | A molecule produced from pyruvate which enters the Krebs cycle to produce ATP. |
| Active Site | The area on an enzyme where the substrate attaches. |
| Active Transport | Cell transport that uses energy in the form of ATP. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The primary form of energy used by cells to perform work; it is the nucleotide adenine (A) with three phosphate groups instead of one. |
| Aerobic | A process requiring oxygen. |
| Amino Acids | The building blocks of proteins; amino acids compose proteins. |
| Anabolism | A type of reaction in cells where small molecules combine to form larger molecules. |
| Anaerobic | A process in which oxygen is absent. |
| Atom | The basic unit of all living and non-living matter/chemicals. |
| Bias | An opinion swayed by personal experience. |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds that can be broken down into sugar by the body and used as a source of energy. |
| Cardiovascular System | The body system that works to pump blood throughout the body. |
| Catabolism | A type of reaction in cells where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. |
| Cell | The basic unit of life. A part of a cell cannot make a whole cell; at least one whole cell is required to metabolize, maintain homeostasis and reproduce. |
| Cell Theory | A theory which states that all things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells. |
| Cellular Respiration | A process that converts organic molecules into energy in the form of ATP. |
| Chromatin | A form of uncondensed DNA found within the nucleus of the cell. |
| Chromosomes | A condensed form of DNA that occurs when the cell is dividing. |
| Coenzyme A | A coenzyme used to change pyruvate into acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs cycle. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like substance found inside of a cell which holds all other organelles. |
| Cytoskeleton | The protein structure that provides support to the cell—much like the bony skeleton supports the human body. |
| Cytosol | The liquid found inside the cytoplasm that is mostly composed of water. |
| DNA | A large molecule that contains all of an organism's genetic information. |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Digestive System | The body system that ingests, digests and absorbs nutrients needed in the body. |
| Effectors | Muscles or glands that carry out the response designated by the integrator. |
| Electron Transport Chain | The third and final phase of cellular respiration in which electrons are used to produce 32 molecules of ATP. |
| Electron Transport System | A series of reactions that couple electron donors with electron acceptors with the end result of transferring H⁺ ions across cell membranes to generate ATP. |
| Endocrine System | The body system that makes and secretes hormones which regulate body functioning. |
| Endomembrane System | A system of cellular structures, including the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi body, and vesicles, that is used to synthesize and package proteins and lipids. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A cell organelle that assembles and packages proteins and lipids. |
| Enzyme | A special type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by rapidly converting the substrate into the product. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Type of cells which holds all of its genetic information (DNA) inside of a membrane-bound nucleus. |
| Experiment | A test set up to explain a phenomenon. |
| FAD and FADH₂ | FAD is a molecule that picks up hydrogen atoms and becomes FADH₂ which is then transferred to the electron transport chain to produce more ATP from the energy in electrons. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion that uses transport proteins to move molecules across a membrane. |
| Fact | A piece of information known to be true and can be verified. |
| Fat | A lipid made of a glycerol molecule and at least one fatty acid side chain. |
| Glucose | A type of monosaccharide sugar used in glycolysis to produce ATP; is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. |
| Glycolysis | The first step in cellular respiration; the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate that takes place in the cytoplasm of cells; is an anaerobic process. |
| Golgi Body | A cell organelle that packages lipids and proteins to be transported out of the cell. |
| Homeostasis | An organism's ability to maintain a constant internal environment. |
| Hypertonic | A type of tonicity where there is a higher concentration of solutes outside of a cell than inside a cell. |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess or explanation of a phenomenon. |
| Hypotonic | A type of tonicity where there is a lower concentration of solutes outside of a cell than inside a cell. |
| Integrator | Your brain is the integrator that senses a stimulus and determines an appropriate response. |
| Integumentary System | The body system that composes the body's outer covering to protect the body, receives sensory information, and controls body temperature. |
| Invertebrate | An organism that does not have a backbone. |
| Isotonic | A type of tonicity where there is an equal amount of solute on both sides of a membrane. |
| Krebs Cycle | A series of chemical reactions used to generate energy, aerobically, from the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. |
| Lipid | An organic molecule made up of fatty acids, which is nonpolar, and does not dissolve easily in water. |
| Lipid Bilayer | A membrane created by two layers of phospholipids. |
| Lymphatic System | The body system that works with the immune system to defend the body against disease. |
| Metabolism | Describes the various chemical reactions that are occurring in cells. |
| Mitochondria | An organelle (with an inner and outer membrane) found inside cells that produces energy in the form of ATP. |
| Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together; a chemical compound. |
| Monosaccharides | Simple carbohydrates composed of single sugar units. |
| Muscular System | The body system that allows for movement, posture, and production of heat. |
| NAD⁺ and NADH | NAD⁺ is a molecule that picks up hydrogen atoms and becomes NADH which is then transferred to the electron transport chain to produce more ATP from the energy in electrons. |
| Negative Feedback | A feedback mechanism that maintains homeostasis by reversing the change. |
| Nervous System | The body system that detects stimulation and coordinates responses. |
| Nonpolar | Does not dissolve easily in water. |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. |
| Nucleic Acid | An organic compound composed of nucleotides; Includes DNA and RNA. |
| Nucleolus | A structure found within the nucleus that produces subunits of ribosomes. |
| Nucleotide | The building blocks of nucleic acids composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| Nucleus | A cell organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the DNA and controls activity within the cell. |
| Oligosaccharides | Carbohydrates composed of two or more sugar units combined; include a type of carbohydrate called disaccharides which are composed of exactly two sugar units. |
| Opinion | A piece of information that involves personal judgment. |
| Organ | Part of an organism, composed of many tissues, that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans. |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform one or more specific functions. For example, the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves make up the nervous system, and together receive, process and transmit information. |
| Organelle | A small, organized structure within a cell. A ribosome is an organelle found within both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; a nucleus is an organelle found within eukaryotic, but not prokaryotic, cells. |
| Organic Compounds | Compounds that contain the element carbon. |
| Organism | A single living thing, composed of one or more cells. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy. |
| Peptide Bond | A type of bond that joins amino acids together. |
| Phopshorylation | The transfer of a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to another molecule, thus the transfer of energy to that molecule. |
| Phospholipid | A lipid made of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail which make up the plasma membrane. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane which surrounds the outer body of the cell and controls what can enter and exit the cell. |
| Polypeptide Chain | A chain formed when three or more amino acids join together. |
| Polysaccharides | Carbohydrates composed of many sugar units bonded together. |
| Positive Feedback | A feedback mechanism that intensifies a detected change. |
| Primary Structure of Proteins | The simplest structure of proteins composed of a chain of amino acids. |
| Product | The result of a chemical reaction where an enzyme has acted on a substrate. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Type of cells which does not contain a nucleus. |
| Proteins | Organic molecules composed of amino acids. |
| Pyruvate | A three-carbon sugar produced when glucose is broken down in the glycolysis phase of cellular respiration. |
| Quaternary Structure of Proteins | The most complex level of protein structure where the tertiary structure of several amino acid chains are bonded together. |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that helps protein in cells. |
| Reproductive System | The body systems specific to male or females that produce sperm or eggs necessary for the formation of a fetus. |
| Respiratory System | The body system that delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body. |
| Ribosome | A cell organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins. |
| Ribosomes | A cell organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | A part of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded in it - mainly responsible for assembling and packaging proteins. |
| Saturated Fat | A type of fat which does not have double bonds in its side chain |
| Scientific Method | A series of steps scientists can use as a guideline to solve a problem or examine a phenomenon. |
| Scientific Theory | An explanation of an observation that has been rigorously tested. |
| Secondary Structure of Proteins | The second level of organization of proteins where some of the amino acids form into special substructures, such as an alpha helix or a beta-sheet. |
| Selectively Permeable | A feature of the plasma membrane that allows it to regulate what crosses through it. |
| Sensory Receptors | Receptors located throughout your body that detect a stimulus. |
| Skeletal System | The body system that provides attachment points for muscles, stores minerals, protects organs and makes red blood cells. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | A part of the endoplasmic reticulum responsible for mostly packaging lipids. |
| Solute | The minority component in a solution (mixture), dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | A substance that dissolves things to create a solution (mixture). |
| Sterol | A type of lipid containing only fatty acids. |
| Substrate | The molecule that is acted on by an enzyme. |
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | The third level of organization of proteins; the overall structure of one entire amino acid chain. |
| Tissue | Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made. Tissues are composed of many specialized cells. |
| Tonicity | The concentration gradient of a solute in a solution. |
| Trans Fat | A type of unsaturated fat which may lead to health problems. |
| Transport Proteins | Proteins in the cell membrane that move molecules across the membrane. |
| Triglyceride | A type of lipid which is made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid side chains. |
| Unsaturated Fat | A type of fat which has double bonds in its side chain. |
| Urinary System | The body system that maintains the chemical makeup and volume of blood and rids the body of excess fluids. |
| Variable | A factor in an experiment that can be changed or manipulated. |
| Vertebrate | An organism that has a backbone. |
| Vesicle | A small sac surrounded by a membrane which transports cellular products within the endomembrane system. |
Created by:
dstashevsky
Popular Biology sets