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Human Phys

Principles of renal physiology

QuestionAnswer
Factors that Glomerular Filtration Rate - blood volume/fluid status - electrolyte balance - blood pressure (renin) - filtering blood: urine - rbc production - calcitriol (D3): vitamin D
Nephrons - basic functional unit - blood filtration - large number in kidneys
Structures: Glomerulus - filtration
Blood vessels - for transport in and out
Tubules - transport of filtrate/urine - secretion/reabsorption
Cortical nephrons - majority of nephrons - short loops of Henle - reabsorption functions
Juxtamedullary nephrons ~15% of all nephrons - long Loops of Henle - generate osmotic gradient (Medulla)
Glomerular Capillary Filtration Barrier - endothelium: fenestrated (outside) - basement membrane: negatively charged, restriction sites for proteins - epithelial cells: restriction site for proteins, characterised by podocytes (preventing proteins entering urinary tract)
Podocytes - glomerular basement membrane (outside) - endothelial fenestration - glycocalyx (inside) - urine leaves
GBM network - matrix full of proteins ie. lamanin
Collagen Type IV - defects with this protein can cause kidney disease
Alport's syndrome - genetic defects of collagen type IV - can cause an abnormal GBM structure: splitting of GBM - these functional defects affect filtration - individual mutations affect severity
Glomerular filtration - blood flows into capillary - hydrostatic pressure in blood and capsular out - osmotic pressure in
Regulation of glomerular filtration - kept stable in normal blood pressure, guaranteeing effective filtration
In low blood pressure Insufficient filtration Insufficient elimination of waste Dialysis may be needed
In high blood pressure Increased filtration Increased loss of solutes
What impacts GFR? High sugar levels can cause Mesangial Cells relaxation -> cause hyperfiltration initially (Diabetic nephropathy) - low protein diet: vasoconstriction - low sodium diet: decreased intra-glomerular pressure then lows GFR
Created by: reub8n
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