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Geo Exam
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Hot Spot | Columns of molten material rising from deep within Earth’s interior in the interior of lithospheric plates |
Age of Earth | 4.54 billion years |
Mineral | Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline, solid with a specific chemical structure and formula |
Polymorphs | minerals with same formula, different structures |
Gypsum | Drywall, Hardness 2 |
Talc | Baby powder, Hardness 1 |
Copper | Wire |
Graphite | Pencil lead |
Fluorite | Toothpaste, Hardness 4 |
Aluminium | Foil |
Diamond | Hardness 10 |
Scratch with steel file | Everything but diamond, corundum, topaz, quartz |
Scratch with glass | Everything but diamond, corundum, topaz, quartz, orthoclase |
Scratch with pocketknife | Apatite, fluorite, calcite, gypsum, talc |
Scratch with copper penny | calcite, gypsum, talc |
Scratch with fingernail | gypsum, talc |
Continental drift evidence | ‘jigsaw fit’ Glaciation Equatorial climate belts Fossils Matching Geologic units |
Chemical Composition Layers top down | crust, mantle, core |
Crust composition | Rigid, basalt/granite, thinner in ocean |
Mantle composition | solid, silicate, 83% of volume |
Core composition | Earth's center, mostly iron |
Physical Property Layers top down | Lithosphere, asthenosphere |
Lithosphere | Rigid outer shell that moves as one unit |
asthenosphere | Region where rocks are warm enough to be solid and flow, flows over long periods |
Subduction boundary | One plate moves down; down plate is heavier, composed of ocean crust/lithosphere |
Where the oldest seafloor occurs | Passive margin |
Divergent Plate Boundaries | Spreading boundaries, oceanic crust is generated |
Igneous rocks formation | freezing or solidification of molten rock |
Most abundant rock type | Igneous |
Silica/viscosity correlation | Positive |
How grain size is determined | Rate of cooling |
Rate of cooling/grain size correlation | Positive |
Sedimentary rocks formation | Cementation of shell fragments or carbon rich relicts of plants |
Most abundant rock type on Earth's surface | Sedimentary |
Mud crack connatation | Environment was under air (subaerial) |
Transportation of sediment | Causes rounding, usually wind, glaciers or water |
Chemical sedimentary rocks | Travertine: found in hot springs or caves when groundwater degrasses CO2, it is the precipitation of calcite |
Great Oxygenation Event | Proterozoic (2500 – 541 Ma) |
Occurance of first woody (vascular) plants | Silurian (444 – 419 Ma) |
First jawless fish | Ordovician (485 – 444 Ma) |
Dinosaurs | Triassic (252 – 201 Ma) |
the Coal Age | (359 – 323 Ma) Large swamps in North America formed coal |
Types of Unconformities | Angular Unconformity Disconformity Nonconformity |
Nonconformity formation | between a sedimentary layer and older igneous or metamorphic layers |
Protoliths subject to Metamorphism | basalt, sandstone, marble |
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Rocks that develop a closely spaced planar layering during metamorphism |
Foliation meaning | Banding or layering of mineral grains in preferred orientations |