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Ch.6. vocab
exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| premodern thought | a belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices |
| nation states | large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights |
| modern thought | a belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life |
| rationalization | the process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities |
| comparative sociology | a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted |
| case | an instance of a thing of interest; it can be a person, a group of people, an organization, an event, or a place |
| social organization | formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose |
| division of labor | complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles |
| bureaucracies | organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations |
| postmodern thought | a rejection of absolute truth (whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress |
| gig work | a segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time |
| social institution | widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need |
| ideologies | shared ideas about how human life should be organized |
| social structure | the entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live |
| structural postion | the features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints |
| institutional discrimination | widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others |
| social stratification | a persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies |