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Life Science-S1
Life Science Vocabulary S1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organism | A living thing. |
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function in living things. |
| Unicellular | Made of a single cell. |
| Multicellular | Consisting of many cells. |
| Stimulus | Any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way. |
| Spontaneous Generation | The mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources. |
| Homeostasis | The condition in which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite if changes in the external environment. |
| Species | A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce. |
| Classification | The process of grouping things based on their similarities. |
| Genus | The taxonomic category that names a group of similar, closely-related organisms. |
| Binomial Nomenclature | The classification system in which each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name indicating its genus and species. |
| Taxonomy | The scientific study of how living things are classified. |
| Domain | The most basic level of organization in the classification of organisms. |
| Evolution | Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. |
| Convergent Evolution | The process by which unrelated organisms evolve similar characteristics. |
| Virus | A tiny, nonliving particle that enters and then reproduces inside a living cell. |
| Host | An organism that provides a source of energy or a suitable environment for a parasite to live with, in, or on. |
| Vaccine | A substance used in a vaccination that consists of pathogens that have been weakened or killed but can still trigger the body to produce chemicals that destroy the pathogens. |
| Bacteria | Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes |
| Protist | A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. |
| Parasite | An organism that benefits by living with, on, or in a host in a parasitism interaction. |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a specific function. |
| Vascular Plants | A plant that has true vascular tissue for transporting materials. |
| Nonvascular Plants | A low-growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue for transporting materials. |
| Vertebrates | An animal with a backbone. |
| Invertebrates | An animal without a backbone. |
| Organ | A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together. |
| Mammal | A vertebrate whose body temperature is regulated by its internal heat, and that has skin covered with hair or fur and glands that produce milk to feed its young. |
| Microscope | An instrument that makes small objects look larger. |
| Cell Theory | A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. |
| Organelle | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. |
| Cell Membrane | A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell and controls which substances pass into and out of a cell. |
| Cytoplasm | The thick fluid region of a cell located inside the cell membrane (in prokaryotes) or between the cell membrane and nucleus (in eukaryotes). |
| Nucleus | In cells, a large oval organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities. |
| Mitochondria | Rod-shaped organelles that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions. |
| Chloroplast | An organelle in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food. |
| Vacuole | A sac-like organelle that stores water, food, and other materials. |
| Selectively Permeable | A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass across it, while others cannot. |
| Diffusion | The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Endocytosis | The process by which the cell membrane takes particles into the cell by changing shape and engulfing the particles. |
| Exocytosis | The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. |
| Cell Cycle | The series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| Interphase | The first stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell division occurs, during which a cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA |
| Replication | The process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus before cell division. |
| Mitosis | The second stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell. |
| Cytokinesis | The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new daughter cells. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants and other autotrophs capture and use light energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water |
| Autotroph | An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food |
| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things |
| Chlorophyll | A green photosynthetic pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells, releasing energy. |
| Fermentation | The process by which cells release energy by breaking down food molecules without using oxygen |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform a major function |
| Response | An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus |
| Gland | An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream |
| Hormone | The chemical produced by an endocrine gland. A chemical that affects growth and development |
| Stress | The reaction of a person's body to potentially threatening, challenging, or disturbing events |
| Digestion | The process that breaks complex molecules of food into smaller nutrient molecules |
| Nutrients | Substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy needed for an organism to carry out its essential processes. |
| Carbohydrates | An energy-rich organic compound, such as a sugar or starch, that is made of the elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Peristalsis | Waves of smooth muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus toward the stomach |
| Saliva | A fluid produced in the mouth that aids in mechanical and chemical digestion |
| Enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body |
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