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EESC 111 Test 2

Sedimentary/Metamorphic Rocks

QuestionAnswer
Chemical weathering processes Dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, hydration
Controls of weathering rates Erosion, climate, parent material, vegetation, topography, time
A combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air Soil
Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering Regolith
What makes a soil profile? Horizons
Horizons are Vertical differences in soil
What are the types of soil profiles? O horizon, A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, C horizon
O horizon is Organic matter
A horizon is Organic and mineral matter
Topsoil is made up of O horizon and A horizon
E horizon is Little organic matter
The E horizon is the zone of Eluviation and leaching
B horizon is Zone of accumulation
C horizon is Partially altered parent material
The "true soil" (solum) is made up of O, A, E, and B horizons
What are the 3 generic soil types? Pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite
Accumulation of iron oxides and Al-rich clays in the B horizon, best developed under forest vegetation Pedalfer
High accumulations of calcium carbonate, associated with dry grasslands and brush vegetation Pedocal
Hot and wet tropical climates, intense chemical weather Laterite
Sediments and sedimentary rocks cover approximately _ percent of the 75
Sediments and sedimentary rocks compromise about _ percent (by volume) of Earth's outer 10 miles 5
Sedimentary rocks show evidence of Past environments
Sedimentary rocks are an important resource of Coal, oil, and other fossil fuels, groundwater resources
Sedimentary rocks are products of Mechanical and chemical weathering
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rocks Detrital, chemical, and organic
Form from sediments that have been weathered and transported Detrital
Chief constituents of detrital rocks Clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, and micas.
_ is used to distinguish among the various types of detrital rocks Particle size
Clay-sized particles that form from the gradual settling of sediments in quiet, nonturbulent environments. It has fissility, crumbles easily and tends to form gentle slopes, and is the most abundant sedimentary rocks. Shale
Sand-sized particles that form in a variety of environments. It is the second-most abundant sedimentary rock, and quartz is the most abundant mineral. Sandstone
The particles in sandstone vary and are classified by Their sorting and shape
Transformed plant matter in ancient swamps Coal
Examples of coal Estuaries, lagoons, low-lying coastal plains or delta environment
How is coal classified? Based on carbon content. calorific value on combustion, and sulfur content
What is considered low sulfur content in coal? <1%
What is considered medium sulfur content in coal? 1-3%
What is considered high sulfur content in coal? <3%
When sediments are siliceous, the surface water temperature is Cool
When sediments are calcareous, the surface water temperature is Warm
Main locations siliceous sediments are found Sea floor beneath cool surface water in high latitudes, upwelling areas, high latitude lakes
Main locations calcareous sediments are found Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes, coastal zones, tropical lakes
Chemical sedimentary rocks form from _ material that was once in _ form. Precipitated, solution
Precipitation of material occurs by Inorganic processes (such as evaporation) and organic processes from (water-dwelling organisms form biochemical sedimentary rocks)
Types of hydrogenous sediments Manganese nodules, phosphates, carbonates, metal sulfides, evaporite salts
Cosmogenous sediment is composed of Material derived from outer space
Two main types of cosmogenous sediments are Microscopic space dust and macroscopic meteor debris
Popular Earth Science sets

 

 



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