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Year 9 Active Earth

TermDefinition
continental crust Crust that lies beneath a continent and ranges in thickness between 25–70 km
continental drift The movement of continents around the surface of Earth. Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 but was widely accepted only in the 1960s.
convergent boundary A place where two tectonic plates move towards each other. At convergent boundaries, mountain ranges, ocean trenches and volcanoes can form.
crust The outermost layer of Earth. Made of solid rock and is thickest underneath the continents.
divergent boundary A place where two tectonic plates move away from each other. Rift valleys and mid
earthquake The sudden shaking of Earth's surface. A natural hazard that occurs when two slabs of rock suddenly slip against each other.
erosion The wearing away and removal of rock by wind, water or ice.
fault A crack where two slabs of rock slide past one another. Sudden movement along a fault can cause an earthquake.
fossil The remains or traces of an ancient organism preserved in rock. Provide information about how life evolved and how Earth's surface has changed.
geologist A scientist who studies the Earth. Geology is the scientific study of the processes that change the Earth and their history.
hotspot An unusually hot part of the mantle where volcanoes can form. Magma can rise through the crust to form volcanoes here, even away from plate boundaries.
igneous rock Any rock formed by the cooling of magma or lava. The size of the crystals in an igneous rock indicates the speed at which it cooled.
inner core The innermost layer of Earth. A solid mixture of iron and nickel at extreme pressures and temperatures.
lava Hot liquid rock located above the Earth's surface. When magma rises up from underground and flows on the surface it is called this.
lithosphere The rigid outer part of Earth, made of the crust and upper mantle. Divided into slow
magma Hot liquid rock located below the Earth's surface
mantle The thickest layer of Earth, between the core and the crust. Made of solid and partially melted rock. It can flow over very long timescales.
melting A change of state from solid to liquid. When rock is heated deep underground, undergoes this process.
mid ocean ridge An underwater mountain system where new oceanic crust forms. Form at divergent boundaries. New oceanic crust is formed from cooling lava.
natural disaster An event in the natural world that causes death and destruction. Cause injuries, deaths and damage to buildings, roads and towns.
natural hazard An event in the natural world that pose a risk to living things. Include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis.
ocean trench A deep valley in the ocean floor formed at a convergent boundary. Ocean trenches form where one plate subducts beneath another.
oceanic crust Crust that lies beneath an ocean and is about 5–10 km thick. Made up of basalt, a dense volcanic rock.
outer core The layer of Earth that lies between the mantle and inner core. A liquid mixture of iron and nickel. Its flow generates Earth's magnetic field.
plate boundary A border between two neighbouring tectonic plates. Tectonic plates interact at plate boundaries. This can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
pressure The amount of force applied over a certain area. Measured in the units pascal (Pa) and gigapascal (GPa).
rift valley A long depression formed when a continent is pulled apart. Rift valleys form at divergent boundaries in continental crust.
rock cycle The set of changes that turn one rock type into another. Rocks can change between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types over millions of years.
seafloor spreading The formation of new oceanic crust at a mid
solidification A change of state from liquid to solid. When magma cools quickly, it solidifies to form a rock with small crystals.
subduction The sinking of one tectonic plate beneath another. Occurs at convergent boundaries. Denser crust sinks beneath less dense crust.
supercontinent A single landmass made of smaller continents joined together. There have been many in Earth's history. Pangaea existed 280 million years ago.
tectonic plate A section of the crust and upper mantle. The movements of these plates cause most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
transform boundary A place where two tectonic plates slide past each other. At transform boundaries, earthquakes often occur as pressure along faults is suddenly released.
tsunami A large ocean wave caused by an earthquake or coastal landslide. A natural hazard that can cause widespread damage to coastal towns and cities.
volcanic eruption A release of magma at the Earth's surface. The eruption of hot liquid rock forms natural hazards such as lava flows and ash clouds.
Created by: MrBlaik
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