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bio unit test
notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mass | quantity of matter an object has |
| matter | anything that has mass and volume |
| everything in the universe is composed of what | matter |
| elements | pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of music |
| how many elements are naturally occurring | 92 |
| 90% of the mass in an organism is composed of how many elements | 4 |
| each element has a unique what | chemical symbol |
| how many letters is a chemical symbol | 1-2 letters |
| the first letter of a chemical symbol is always what | capitalized |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element |
| properties of atoms determine what | the structure and properties of the matter they make up |
| the nucleus | central core of atom |
| the nucleus consists of | positively charged protons and neutral neutrons |
| what kind of charge does the nucleus have | positive |
| all atoms of an element have the same what | number of protons |
| electrons in the first layer | 2 slow moving |
| electrons in the second layer | 8 |
| electrons in the 3rd layer | 18 |
| electrons in the 4th layer | 32 very fast moving |
| atomic number | it tells the number of protons and electrons |
| what is the overall charge of an atom | neutral |
| neutrons | the number varies slightly among atoms of the same element |
| different number of neutrons produces isotopes that are | of the same element |
| where are protons and neutrons found | nucleus of an atom |
| amu | atomic mass unit |
| protons and neutrons mass | 1 amu |
| atomic mass | sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| electrons charge | negatively charged |
| electrons energy | high energy |
| electrons mass | little or no mass |
| speed electrons travel at | high speed at various distances from the nucleus |
| if electrons are in same energy level, then they are how far away from the nucleus in relation to each other | they are the same distance away from the nucleus because they're in the same energy level |
| outermost electrons are called | valance electrons |
| octet rule | levels 2-7 like to have a maximum number of 8 electrons |
| families | vertical groups |
| vertical groups tell what | the outermost number of electrons |
| compounds combine with what other thing and in what kind of fashion | elements predictable fashion |
| compund | a pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements |
| the proportion of atoms is always what | fixed |
| chemical formulas show what | the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that occurs inn a particular compound |
| molecules are the smallest part of what | a compound that has all of the properties of the the compound |
| subscript | after a symbol- tells the number of atoms of each element in a chemical formula |
| coefficients | before a formula tells the number of molecules |
| the physical and chemical properties of a compound differ from what | the chemical and physical properties of the individual elements that compose it |
| covalent bond | formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| when are atoms most stable | atoms are most stable when their outermost energy level is filled |
| non polar covalent bonds | equal sharing of electrons |
| example of non polar covalent bond | 02 because both oxygen atoms are equal in size |
| ionic bonds | some atoms become stable by losing or gaining electrons |
| atoms that lose electrons are called what | positive ions |
| atoms that gain electrons are called what | negative ions |
| carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen | elements that make up 96 percent of our body |
| inorganic compounds | compounds that do not contain carbon (exceptions are CO and CO2) |
| organic compounds | compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen |
| what kind of bonds does carbon form | covalent bonds |
| what kind of bonds can carbon form | single c-c bond, double c=c bond, and triple c=c bonds _ |
| polymerization | process by which large molecules are formed by joining together small molecules (the process of making polymers) |
| the 4 biochemicals in the body | carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids |
| isomers | different chemical compounds made of the same kind and number of atoms but they are arranged differently |
| glucose | blood sugar plants (photosynthesis) |
| fructose | fruit sugar fruit |
| galactose | milk |
| monosaccharides example | fructose galactose monomers |
| monosaccharides ratio | 1:2:1 |
| sucrose | table sugar glucose + fructose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose candy |
| lactose | galactose and lactose milk |
| disaccharides examples | sucrose maltose lactose |
| disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars |
| oligosaccharides | a few monosaccharides covalently linked may be found or attached to proteins or lipids |
| polysaccharides definition | long chains of monosaccharides and of disaccharides joined together chains may form branches |
| polysaccharides examples | starch glycogen cellulose |
| glycemic index | ranking of carbohydrates based on their ability to be converted to glucose in the body |
| glycemic load | used to get an idea of the bodies glycemic response to an entire meal or day of eating |
| low GI | a smaller rise in blood glucose levels after after meals 55 or less |
| high GI | helps refuel carbohydrate stores after exercise 70 or more |
| dehydration synthesis | when 2 monomers are joined together together to form a disaccharide a molecule of water is lost this is how any monomers are joined together to make polymers |
| what molecules are lost during dehydration synthesis | 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen` |
| hydrolysis | bonds are broken using water to break a disaccharide or a polysaccharide into monosaccharides, a molecule of water must be added |
| 3 important functions of lipids | store long term energy form cell membranes used as messengers in the body (hormones) |
| 3 types of lipids | triglycerides phospholipids steroids |
| triglycerides | stored in fat cells glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| phospolipids | CHOP make up cell membranes |
| steroids | used to make many hormones (estrogen/ testosterone) |
| 3 types of fatty acids | unsaturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
| saturated fats | every carbon has a hydrogen attached to it most hydrogens 0 c=c bonds animal fats |
| monounsaturated | have less hydrogens and 1 c=c bond |
| polyunsaturated fats | have the least number of hydrogens and many c=c bonds |
| HDL ( high density lipoprotein) | good cholesterol helps remove bad cholesterol from the walls of your arteries |
| LDL (low density lipoprotein) | bad cholesterol deposits cholesterol on the walls of your arteries |
| atherosclerosis | disease where the arteries become hardened due to a build up of fat and cholesterol |
| transfats | man made fats hydrogenated fats made by adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats |
| fats (state at room temp, produced by, saturated or unsaturated) | solid, animals, saturated |
| oils (state at room temp, produced by, saturated or unsaturated) | liquid, plants, unsaturated |
| functions of proteins | make up many of the tissues and organs of the body |
| -what do proteins make up | hormones enzymes pigments antibodies |
| what are proteins made up of | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen sometimes sulfur |
| acid group | carbon double bonded to an oxygen and hydrogen |
| r group | 20 possible r groups \scientific variable |
| amine group | nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens |
| polypeptides | a long straight chain of amino acids joined together |
| peptide bond | bond between amino acids |
| protien | one or more polypeptide chains twisted or folded into a specific shape |
| enzyme | a protein that acts as a catalyst to control other chemical reactions |
| catalyst | something that affects the rate of other chemical reactions without being used up in the process |
| what kind of molecule is water | polar molecule |
| polar molecule | has oppositely charged ends -this is water's most important property |
| what kind of bond does water use | polar covalent bond |
| why is oxygen slightly negative in a water molecule | the electrons take long to travel around it, so it is unequal sharing |
| water properties | cohesion --> surface tension adhesion capillary action ice being less dense than water retains heat well universal solvent |
| cohesion | water molecules stick to each other responsible for beading and surface tension |
| surface tension | like an invisible film on the surface |
| adhesion | water molecules stick to other substances |
| capillary action | water will rise up a narrow tube - used in plants and important for plants |
| mixtures | two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined |
| suspensions | substances that do not dissolve particles may settle out heterogeneous |
| heterogeneous | different/ not uniform |
| solutions | substances dissolve in another substance |
| solvent | the dissolving agent in a solution |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| acids | any chemical that releases h+ ions when dissolved in water |
| bases | any substance that releases OH- ions when dissolved in water has many OH- (hydroxide) ions |
| neutralization reation | when an acid and base are combined, they produce two neutral substances water and table salt |
| water is a weak_______ and a weak __________ | acid and base |
| ph scale | ph scale represents hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution |
| ph of 7 | neutral |
| ph below 7 | acidic |
| ph above 7 | basic |
Created by:
sonyataylor03
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