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LHS AP Bio 3
Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aerobic | Containing oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
| anaerobic | Lacking oxygen |
| ATP synthase | proteins found in the mitochondria that function in chemiosmosis to make ATP |
| cellular respiration | catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen and glucose are consumed |
| chemiosmosis | a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to synthesize ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons to release energy used to make ATP. |
| facultative anaerobe | organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. |
| fermentation | makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose anerobically and produces a ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate, the one metabolic pathway in all living cells |
| Kreb's Cycle | cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the matrix |
| lactic acid fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. |
| NAD+ | coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during metabolism. |
| oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
| oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. |
| proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in an electrochemical gradient, from pumping hydrogen ions across membranes |
| redox reaction | chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons |
| reducing agent | The electron donor in a redox |
| reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate |
| autotroph | use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |
| bundle-sheath cell | photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. |
| C3 plant | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle to form a three-carbon compound |
| C4 plant | A plant that incorporates CO2 into four-carbon compounds |
| Calvin cycle | 2nd stage of photosynthesis involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and production of carbohydrates. |
| CAM plant | A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism. Carbon dioxide enters open stomata at night, Calvin cycle during the day |
| carbon fixation | The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotroph |
| carotenoid | A yellow or orange accessory pigment in the chloroplasts, absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot |
| chlorophyll a | type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions |
| chlorophyll b | type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. |
| crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) | carbon dioxide is taken in at night and incorporated into a variety of organic acids, stomates closed in the day |
| electromagnetic spectrum | The entire spectrum of radiation |
| heterotroph | An organism that obtains food molecules by eating other organisms |
| light reactions | steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy |
| messophyll | The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis |
| NADP+ | An acceptor that stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. |
| quantum | A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy |
| photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate |
| photorespiration | "pathway that consumes oxygen, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot days, when stomata close" |
| photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds |
| photosystem I | One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll. |
| photosystem II | One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll. |
| rubisco | "Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate). " |
| stoma | pore surrounded in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange |
| visible light | "portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. " |
| wavelength | The distance between crests of waves |
Created by:
delozierr
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