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parent/child: ch 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infant | 12 months |
| Developmental task | Set of skills & competencies specific to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master to function effectively within their environment |
| Cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) direction | 1st pattern; the head end of the organism develops first & is large & complex, whereas the lower end is small & simple & takes shape at a later period |
| Proximodistal (near-to-far) trend | 2nd trend; applies to the midline-to-peripheral concept. A conspicuous illustration is the early embryonic development of limb buds, which is followed by rudimentary fingers & toes |
| Differentiation | 3rd trend; describes development from simple operations to more complex activities & functions, from broad, global patterns of behavior to more specific, refined patterns |
| Developmental pace | There are periods of accelerated growth & periods of decelerated growth in both total body growth & the growth of subsystems |
| Critical, sensitive, vulnerable, & optimal times | The times in the lifetime of an organism when it is more susceptible to positive or negative influences |
| X-rays of growth plates | Used to determine age; *wrist for the development of a girl |
| Metabolism | Usually fast in children |
| Nutrition | Probably the single most important influence on growth; lots of resources to help with that |
| Temperament | Defined as a way of thinking, behaving, or reacting that reflects the characteristics of a specific individual & refers to the way in which a person deals with life |
| The easy child | Easygoing children are even-tempered, are regular & predictable in their habits, & have a positive approach to new stimuli. They are open & adaptable to change & display a mild to moderately intense mood that is typically positive; 40% |
| The difficult child | Highly active, irritable, & irregular in their habits. Typical for negative withdrawal responses & they require a more structured environment. Adapt slowly, mood expressions are usually intense & primarily negative; they exhibit temper tantrums; 10% |
| The slow-to-warm-up child | React negatively & with mild intensity to new stimuli & unless, pressured, adapt slowly with repeated contact. Respond with only mild but passive resistance to changes in routine. Inactive & moody, but show only moderate irregularity in functions; 15% |
| Degree of fit | Adjustment; places children at risk. Fit between children & their environment, specifically their parents, that determines the degree of vulnerability |
| Biological determinants of growth & development | The most prominent feature of childhood & adolescence is physical growth |
| Linear growth, or height | Occurs almost entirely as a result of skeletal growth & is considered a stable measurement of general growth |
| Weight | More variable than height & is, to a greater extent, a reflection of the intrauterine environment |
| Skeletal or bone age | The most accurate measure of general development; the radiologic determination of osseous maturation. Skeletal age seems to correlate more closely with other measures of physiologic maturity |
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | The rate of metabolism when the body is at rest demonstrates a distinctive change throughout childhood |
| Body temperature | Reflecting metabolism, decreases over the course of development. Thermoregulation is one of the most important adaptation responses of infants during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life |
| Sleep & rest | As children mature, there is a change in the total time they spend in sleep & the amount of time they spend in deep sleep |
| Summary of personality, cognitive, & moral development theories (Pt. 1) | Infant: oral (freud) -> trust vs. mistrust (erikson) -> sensorimotor (piaget) Toddler: anal -> autonomy vs. shame & doubt -> preoperational thought -> preconventional level (kohlberg) |
| Summary of personality, cognitive, & moral development theories (Pt. 2) | 3 - 6 yrs old: phallic -> initiative vs. guilt -> preoperational thought -> preconventional level 11 - 12 yrs old: latency -> industry vs. inferiority -> concrete operations -> conventional level |
Created by:
tatianalopez03
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