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Stuff Idk final 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Goal of the immune system | Destroy pathogens, abnormal cells or toxins |
| Innate immune system | generalized immunity, Nonspecific CELLS: monocytes, Granulocytes, Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells |
| Humoral immune response | Specific response CELLS: T cells, B cells, Interferon |
| 3. What are the different lines of defense that the immune system uses | 1st line- Skin, Mucus membranes, Stomach acid. 2nd line- Inflammatory response, Phagocytes- they engulf and destroy |
| Neutrophils | White blood cells that engulf antigens |
| Antibody involved with allergic reactions | IgE antibodies Antigens provoke IgE antibody responses |
| Most abundant Antibody in the human body? | IGG They neutralize toxins, viruses, bacteria and activate cells to clean up destroyed pathogen cells |
| 7. What is interferon and what is its job in the body? | Taddel tell chemical messenger. Stops virus replication. Tells cells to prepare for attack |
| Cellular immunity | Nonspecific response Macrophages cause phagocytosis, T lymphocytes |
| Humoral immunity is | Specific response B lymphocytes aka antibodies |
| 3. What are the different lines of defense that the immune system uses to keep us safe? | 1st primary skin mucous membranes, stomach acid 2nd inflammatory response phagocytes |
| Cell of immune system that makes up most of your white blood cells ? | Neutrophils , engulfs , innate immune system, granulocyte |
| antibody involved with allergic reactions | IgE |
| Most abundant antibody in the body? | IGG antibodies neutralize toxins, virus and bacteria activate cleaner cells |
| Interferon | Tattle tale chemical messenger stops virus replication |
| Inate defense | skin barriers and phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins |
| Adaptive Defense | Humoral Specific- B cells Innate Nonspecific- T-cells |
| Divisions of acquired immunity- ACTIVE | Active naturally acquired- Infection, contact w pathogen or Active Artificially acquired - Vaccine |
| Divisions of acquired immunity- PASSIVE | Passive Naturally acquired- antibodies from mother to baby or Passive Artificially acquired- immune serum gamma globin aka antibodies IV |
| what happens when bee stings you? | 1 antigen binds to mast cell or basophil 2 Granules degranulate release histamine, heparin and increase vascular permeability 3 Causes- bronchospasm, decreased CO, vasodilation, puritis urticaria |
| What cells in the body carry and release histamine? | Mast cells and basophils |
| 12. What is the process called when histamine is released? | Degranulation |
| how to treat mild allergic reaction | NO rep involvement NO Hypotension O2 , EKG, Fluids, Diphenhydramine 25-50mg IV or IM Peds 1mg/kg |
| How to treat Moderate Allergic reaction | Puritus Wheezing Urticaria O2 Epi 1:1 A&P - 0.01mg/kg IM ONLY Max 0.3mg Albuterol/Atrovent 500mcg/2.5mL Remove stingers, EKG Fluids , Diphenhydramine 25-50mg iV/IM Solumedrol 125-250mg IV/IM , or Dex 10mg IV/PO |
| How to treat severe allergic reaction aka Anaphylaxis | Resp involvement & Hypotension O2. Epi 1:1 Albuterol Atrovent Remove stingers, EKG, FLUIDS up to 4litters Diphehydramine still hypotenssive Epi drip 1:10 Solumedrol or Dexamethasone max 60mg max 10mg |
| Albuterol | 2.5mg/3ml SVN Peds 1.5-2.5 mg/3ml |
| Ipratropium bromide Atrovent | 500mcg/2.5ml SVN peds 250-500mcg/ 1.25-2.5ml |
| Dexamethasone | 10mg peds 0.05mg/kg |
| Solumedrol | 125-250mg IV Peds 2mg/kg MAX 60mg |
| Epi 1:1 IM allergic reaction | 0.01mg/kg Max 0.3mg peds same |
| Epi 1:10 IV Drip Allergic reaction | 0.1-0.5 mcg/kg/min 1mg/1 litter bag = 1mcg/mL Peds 0.1-1mcg/kg/min |
| Hematochezia | Bright red Blood in stool Lower GI bleed |
| Melena | Dark tar stool, digested blood Upper GI Bleed |
| Upper GI structures? | Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach and Duodenum seperation- Ligament of treitZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ |
| Lower GI structures | Jejunum, Ilium, Entire large intestine, rectum and Anus |
| Enteric nervous system | GUT BRAIN or 2nd brain GI system controls its own blood flow, peristalsis. has over 1 MILLION nerve cells |
| Enzyme found in your saliva starts the chemical breakdown of carbs and another Fats? | Amylase- Carbs /sugars Lypase- Fats |
| Muscle that must be open to get food into stomach? | LES Lower esophageal sphincter |
| Where does chyme exit the stomach? | Pyloric Sphincter- in btwn stomach and duodenum |
| Job of small intestines? | Absorb nutrients |
| Parts of the small intestine? | Duodenum, jejunum, and Ilium |
| Job of large intestine? | Reabsorb water |
| Somatic pain | Sharp, Localized pain Bacterial or chemical irritant in abdomen |
| Visceral pain | Dull, diffuse pain, in walls of hollow organs Inflammation |
| Referred pain | Pain originates in another area |
| Kehr's sign | pain in the tip of the shoulder L or R from abdominal problem |
| Peptic Ulcer | Most common UPPER GI prob that bleeds Aspirin abuse Alcohol or smoking- Pain after eating |
| Mallory-Weise Tear | Tear in esophagus usually caused by bulimia - russles sign |
| Esophageal Varices | Most DEADLY upper GI problem - life threat hemorrhage Alcoholism Treatment : Fluids rapid transport TXA? |
| Ulcerative colitis | inflammatory bowel disorder effects just intestines |
| Crohn's | Progression od Ulcerative colitis inflamatory bowel disoredr effets anywhere from MOUTH to ANUS |
| Diverticulosis | pockets form in intestines |
| Diverticulitis | Inflamed infected pockets in intestines |
| Hemorrhoids | swollen veins in anus or rectum |
| Intestinal Intercuspation | intestine folds back on to its self |
| Intestinal Volvlus | Twisting of intestine |
| Mesenteric Ischemia | |
| Appendicitis | Most common SURGICAL emergency McBurney's point Umbilical area to right hip pain most common cause fecal matter obstruction |
| Cholecystitis | Gall bladder infection |
| Cystitis | Bladder Infection |
| Pancreatitis | alcohol abuse and gall stones |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of LIVER |
| Most common Lower GI hemorrhage? | Diverticulosis |
| Adhesions | Bowel obstruction sticks to itself or abdominal wall common after abdominal surgery |
| Most common place for bowl obstruction? | ilium |
| Cholelithiasis | formation of gall stones |
| Neurological changes during dialysis are most likely caused by? | accumulation of blood urea |
| Function of the Urinary system? | Maintain: blood volume , Glucose , Water, Electrolytes, PH |
| RAAS System | |
| Function of kidneys | Filter blood and remove toxins |
| what is ammonia converted into by the LIVER? | Urea |
| Micturation | urination |
| Risk factors for Renal Failure | Diabetes, Hypertension, Older ppl, Comorbidity |
| Urinary system structures? | 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Urinary Bladder, 1 Urethra |
| What is the main jobs of our Kidneys? | Filter blood, and produce Urine |
| Kidneys | Located btwn 12th Thoracic and 3rd Lumbar Vertebrae Retroperitoneal space Right kidney is lower due to big ol liver |
| How does the kidneys make Urine ? | |
| What is average GFR glomerular filtration rate ? | average is 180 litters per day 3 litters of plasma 60 complete cycles of Total blood volume per day |
| Cells that monitor Incoming pressure in the kidneys ? | JG cells if pressure is low Renin is released |
| What occurs in the loop of Helen | descending reabsorbs water into blood Ascending reabsorb sodium , potassium and chloride in to blood |
| pyelonephritis | Kidney infection |
| Leading cause of kidney failure? | Uncontrolled diabetes and Hypertension |
| PreRenal Failure | Low perfussion to kidneys problem before kidneys |
| Renal Failure | Issue inside the kidneys Kidney Infection |
| Post Renal Failure | Things backing up issue originates beyond the kidneys Massive Kidney stone stuck in ureter |
| Leading cause of ARF acute renal failure | Pre Renal failure or hypovolemic shock |
| Most common Metabolic cause of death | Hyper K Calcium chloride and sodium bicarb Jacked up action potential cell cannon repolarize too much potassium outside cell TdP or spiked peaked T waves |
| S&S of ARF acute renal failure | decreased urine output Oliguria less 400/500mL a day Anuria Sudden onset Reversable |
| when does renal failure become chronic renal failure? | when there is permeate loss of 70% or more of Nephrons 80% or more = End stage |
| How does dialysis rid the body of toxic waste? | By Osmosis and Equalization of osmolarity across a semipermeable membrane such as renal nephron |
| Renal Calculi aka Nephrolithiasis | Kidney stone Kidney stone formation Lyoids sign - palpating back |
| Causes to have a Priapism | #1 Sickle cell anemia, Black widow spider, Spinal Anesthesia(widespread vasodilation), Severe Carbon Monoxide poisoning |
| Corpus Cavernosum | spongy area of penis that gets engorged w blood |
| Type of exposure to toxins | Most common ingestion Inhalation, Ingestion, Injection, Absorbtion |
| What are the 4 portals of entry for toxic substences | GI, Mucosal, Respiratory, Cutaneous |
| Poisoning VS. Overdose | poisoning- ingestion of toxic substance Overdose- getting too much of a substance |
| Questions to ask when someone ingested a toxin or poison | When? How much? What was it? |
| Medication given to someone with chronic alcoholism | Thiamine vit B |
| Activated charchol | 1-2G/kg must be less than 1 hr |
| How does carbon monoxide kill us? Fire | Heme sites have 200X stronger affinity to CO and does not let oxygen bind. need CO - Oximeter |
| Carbin dioxide bound to Hemoglobin | Carb-Amino Hemoglobin COHb |
| Mild carbin monoxide poisoning CO | 15-20% Headache , N/V, Dizzy, Blurry vision smokers live here |
| Moderate Carbin Monoxide poisoning CO | 21-40% CNS signs and symptoms AMS, Syncope, chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia , weakness |
| Sevre carbin monoxide poisoning CO | 41-59% Dysrhythmias, Hypotension, Ischemia, Palpations, Resp arrest, Pulm edema, Seizures, coma Cardiac Arrest |
| Fatal carbin monoxide poisoning CO | over 60% Death , cherry red skin |
| Treatment for CO poisoning Carbin Monoxide | 100% 02 CPAP? Airway? watch for Arrhythmias take to Hyperbaric Chamber |
| How does Cyanide kill you? | Inhibits Cytochrome C Oxidase Cells can not use oxygen on the heme sites |
| Cyanide | bitter almond smell, colorless produced by plastic/synthetic burning |
| Treatment for Cyanide poisoning | Old - Lilly, Pasadena, Taylor Kit has 3 meds: Amyl Nitrate, Sodium Nitrate, Sodium thiosulfate New CYNOKIT Hydroxocobalamin Bitamine B A- 5 g over 15min Ped- 70mg/kg |
| Beta blocker overdose Treatment | Glucogon 3-10mg IVP drip 3-5mg/Hr |
| Calcium channel blocker overdose Treatment Verapamil or Diltiazem | Calcium chloride 1-2 g Drip 1-2 g per/Hr Glucagon 3-10 mg IVp Drip 3-5 mg/Hr |
| Tricyclic Antidepressants overdose Treatment | Sodium Bicarb 50 mEq 1amp |
| SSRI overdose Treatment Severe sympathetic response Fever, HTN, V-TACH, | Keep Cool IV Fluids Benzo if seizures Need dialysis lead to Rhabdomyolysis - leads to liver failure |
| MAO Inhibitors OD Treatment !!Narrow index danger!! | Keep cool , Fluids, Seizures Benzo can not eat: red wine, chez, Tyramine |
| Salicylate poisoning NSAID | Less than 1 Hr Activated charchol 1g/kg Fluids and Sodium Bicarb leads to metabolic Acidosis |
| Acetaminophen poisoning | Give Fluids Need dialysis Most common cause of Acute Liver failure |
| Lithium OD bipolar disorders | Bradycardic Unstable cables Stable Atropine Sodium Bicarb & Manitol need dialysis NO ACTIVATED CHARCOAL |
| Narcotics Opiates Opioids OD natural synthetic | Narcan 0.4 - 2 mg nasal mucosal itemizer Peds 0.1mg/kg Resp depressed w pinpoint pulps |
| Barbiturates Hypnotic Sedatives Benzos OD | Flumanezil Rumanzicon 0.2 mg every 15 sec peds 0.01mg/kg |
| Atropine organophosphate poisoning | 2-4 mg |
| Marks Kit | Atropine 2 Panchloride aka Pranlidoxin |
Created by:
emilynelkins1922
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