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Biochemistry
Biochemistry-Mrs. Curcio & Mr. Dossena
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proton | positive charge found in the nucleus |
| Neutron | neutral (or NO) charge found in the nucleus |
| Electron | negative charge found in orbitals (surrounding the nucleus) |
| Atoms | the basic unit of matter AND electrically neutral = no charge the NUMBER of protons = the number of electrons |
| Ion | charged atom the number of electrons changes if it is a + (positive) ion- it has LOST electrons if it is a - (negative) ion- it has GAINED electrons |
| Element | A pure substance that is made up of only 1 type of atom! Cannot be broken |
| Compound | is a pure chemical substance made up of two or more different chemical elements that CAN be separated into simpler substances by CHEMICAL processes only… |
| Organic Compounds | MUST HAVE BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Inorganic Compounds | DO NOT HAVE BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Levels of Organization | -Subatomic Particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) -Atoms / Ions (carbon, hydrogen, etc.) -Molecules / Compounds (glucose, water) -Organelles (cell parts) -Cells -Tissue -Organs -Organ Systems -Organisms |
| C | Carbon |
| H | Hydrogen |
| O | Oyxgen |
| N | Nitrogen |
| S | Sulfur |
| P | Phosphorous |
| Mg | Magnesium |
| I | Iodine |
| Na | Sodium |
| K | Potassium |
| Fe | Iron |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Cl | Chlorine |
| Know the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. | Ionic bonds: When there is a transfer (giving) of electrons from one atom to another. Covalent Bonds: When there is a sharing of electrons between atoms. |
| Atomic Number | Equals the number of PROTONS |
| Atomic Mass | Equals the sum of the Protons + Neutrons (P + N= Atomic Mass) |
| WHAT ARE THE 4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES? | CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS |
| What are the building blocks (or subunits) of CARBOHYDRATES? | Monosaccharides (or simple sugars) |
| What are the building blocks of LIPIDS? | 3 Fatty Acids AND 1 Glycerol |
| What are the building blocks (or subunits) of PROTEINS? | Amino Acids |
| How many different Amino Acids are there? | 20 |
| Why is the order of amino acids so important? | The sequence OR order of amino acids determines the type of PROTEIN! |
| What is a Polypeptide? | Protein (amino acids linked together with PEPTIDE bonds are also called polypeptides) |
| What is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS? | water removed and something new produced or built (WATER or H2O is a waste product) |
| What is HYDROLYSIS? | adding water to break down molecules |
| What 3-letters do the names of sugars usually end in. | “OSE” glucose, sucrose |
| What molecules, and how many, does it take to form a disaccharide? | 2 monosaccharides |
| Where are the following polysaccharides found and what is the job of each: --Starch --Glycogen --Cellulose --Chitin | Starch--STORED CARBS IN PLANTS Glycogen- STORED GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS (in the LIVER) Cellulose-- MAKES UP PLANT CELL WALLS Chitin-- MAKE UP THE EXOSKELETON OF INSECTS |
| What is the main use of carbohydrates? | MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIVING THINGS |
| What are lipids that are solid at room temperature called? | FATS |
| What are lipids that are liquids at room temperature called? | OILS |
| What are 4 ways lipids are used by living things? | 1. STORED ENERGY (sometimes for use during hibernation) 2. INSULATION (KEEP WARM in cold climates) 3. PROTECT ORGANS 4. MAKE UP THE CELL MEMBRANE |
| What element distinguishes a protein from a carbohydrate and a lipids? | NITROGEN (N) |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What are the special type of covalent bond that amino acids together to make PROTEIN? . | Peptide Bond |
| What is the role of proteins play in living things? | --Growth & Repair of cells and tissues --Enzymes --Antibodies-(needed to to fight infections) --Make up cell membrane --Hormones |
| What are the 2 nucleic acids & what is their role in living things? | DNA and RNA --hereditary information --DNA codes for the production of proteins |
| pH: A substance with a pH of 7 is _________________ | NEUTRAL |
| A substance with a pH LOWER than 7 is __________________ | ACID |
| A substance with a pH HIGHER than 7 is _______________. | BASE |
| How does temperature affect enzyme activity? | when temperature gets too high (above the “Optimum" Temperature”), the enzyme DENATURES (changes shape and will not work) |
| What part of the enzyme becomes damaged when it denatures | the active site (the shape change) |
| How does pH affect enzyme activity? | enzymes have an optimum pH that they work at. If they are not in the right pH, they denature (change shape) and NO LONGER WORK |
| What type of organic compounds are enzymes? | PROTEINS |
| What is a catalyst? | Something that speeds up the rate of reaction WITHOUT being used in the process (All enzymes are ORGANIC CATALYSTS BUT NOT ALL CATALYSTS ARE ENZYMES!) |
| What is a substrate? | any molecule that an enzyme puts together or breaks down |
| What 3-letters do most enzymes end with? | “ASE” EX: lipase, sucrase |
| What is the active site of an enzyme? | The part of the enzyme where the reaction happens |
| What is the Enzyme-Substrate Complex? | a temporary molecule formed when the substrate bonds (comines) with the enzyme. |
| ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! What are the 3 ways that enzymes are specific? | 1. with the Substrate (what they react with)-because of the shape at the active site! 2. Temperature-enzymes have optimum temperatures in which they work 3. pH-enzymes have an optimum pH in which they work |
Created by:
Mrs. Curcio
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