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Earth Science1stSem
Overview of all the lessons covered in Earth Science 11 first semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, and four and a half billion years of biotic evolution. | Earth Science |
| The Interrelated Sciences | Geology Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy |
| The study of materials and processes that operate beneath and upon the Earth’s surface. | Geology |
| The study of the composition and movements of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor, topography and marine life. | Oceanography |
| Deals with the study of the atmosphere and the elements that produce weather and climate. | Meteorology |
| Deals with the study of the universe, our planets origin and the members of the solar system. | Astronomy |
| Two major requirements for a planet to become habitable | First ,the star should survive long enough for its planet to develop life Second, the planet should exist in a region where water could remain liquid. |
| The range of distance with the right temperatures for water to remain liquid. Where the Earth is neither too hot or too cold | The Goldilocks zone |
| What are the inner planets | Mercury and Venus |
| What are the outer planets | Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune |
| What size of a star has the least possibility to produce energy long enough for a planet to become habitable | Massive stars |
| What's the perfect size for a star to be to produce enough energy for a planet to become habitable | Medium-mass stars |
| What planet has a thin atmosphere that can't sustain and maintain the right amount of heat | Mercury |
| A very hot planet that has a lot of active volcanoes also has a thick atmosphere, making the surface temperature very high | Venus |
| Has very little active volcanic activity , thus resulting to a thin atmosphere leading to a cold surface temperature | Mars |
| What do you call the planets which consist mostly of gasses, therefore having no land where organisms could strive | Jovian planets |
| Represents the Earth's system . | Terrarium |
| A complex system of interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes and provide natural laboratory whose experiments have been running since the beginning of time. | Earth |
| exchange of energy but negligible exchange of mass with surroundings | Closed system |
| The three classic mechanics | Isolated system Closed System Open system |
| What is a dynamic body with many seperate, but highly interacting parts or spheres. | Earth |
| What are the earth's four spheres | Atmosphere Geosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere |
| What comprises the solid Earth | Geosphere |
| A gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth | Atmosphere |
| Includes all water on Earth | Hydrosphere |
| The life zone of the Earth | Biosphere |
| What is the atmosphere primarily composed of | Nitrogen with 78% of it present |
| What mixture of gases does the atmosphere consist of | Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor |
| Constitutes the climate system | Troposphere |
| Contains the ozone that protects life on the planet by filtering out harmful UV rays from the sun | Stratosphere |
| Zones that are diffuse of atmospheric components | Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere |
| The biosphere is structured into a hierarchy known as the __________ | Food Chain |
| Are naturally occurring substances that build up the earth’s crust. | Minerals |
| Characteristics of Minerals | Minerals are crystalline solids. Minerals are made up of chemical elements and compounds. Minerals have known chemical compositions Minerals are inorganic in nature. |
| CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS | Silicates Nonsilicates Metallic Nonmetallic Gem |
| Give all the Identification of minerals | Habit/Shape Luster Color Cleavage Streak Hardness |
| Refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. | Habit/Shape |
| Give the three classifications of the Habit/Shape | Equant Elongate Platy |
| three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a cube or a sphere. | Equant |
| minerals form prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than needles. | Elongate |
| the minerals looks like a flattened and this crystal (likes plates) | Platy |
| Refers to the quantity and quality of light reflected from the exterior surface of the mineral | Luster |
| Refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along very smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces | Cleavage |
| Is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Harder minerals will scratch softer minerals. | Hardness |
| What do you call the scale where the hardness or resistance of a mineral is tested | Mohs' Scale |
| In Mohs' scale what is the softest mineral | Talc |
| In Mohs' scale what is the hardest mineral | Diamond |
| This is an unreliable to set as a standard for identification | Color |
| Refers to color of mark or powder left by rubbing the mineral against a streak plate (unglazed porcelain). | Streak |
| These are natural solid materials that make up the most of the Earth’s lithosphere. | Rocks |
| Formed from the solidification of lava when a volcano erupts. | Igneous rocks |
| Two types of igneous rocks | Extrusive igneous rocks Intrusive igneous rocks |
| igneous rocks formed on the surface | Extrusive igneous rocks |
| igneous rocks formed beneath the surface | Intrusive igneous rocks |
| When extrusive rocks cool down too quickly what usually forms? | amorphous glass |
| CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS | Mode of occurrence Texture Mineralogy Chemical composition Geometry |
| formed by the accumulation of sediments | Sedimentary Rocks |
| The 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks | Clastic Chemical Organic |
| Composed of clast, which are little pieces of broken rock particles that have been joined together as a result of compaction and cementation. | Clastic sedimentary rocks |
| Formed as a result of repeated flooding and evaporation. | Chemical sedimentary rocks |
| from the accumulation of plant or animal debris. | Organic sedimentary rocks |
| have been modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes usually while buried below the Earth’s surface. | Metamorphic rocks |
| The 2 Types of Metamorphic Rocks | Foliated Nonfoliated |
| Have layered or banded appearance caused by exposure of minerals to heat and pressure | Foliated metamorphic rock |
| Do not display layering or banding that are present in foliated rocks. | Nonfoliated metamorphic rock |
| we use or consume more than ______________ minerals daily | 25 |
| often referred to as the most stable form of carbon. | Graphite |
| Also known as brown coal. A mineral that takes millions of years to form. | Lignite |
| Mineral that promotes growth and energy | Phosphorus |
| __________ was originally refined from its ores to make instruments, weapons, and hunting tools. | Copper |
| also one of the best conductors of electricity, which is why it’s used to make computer chips, wiring, smartphone displays, and car parts. | Copper |
| _______________ is a silvery chemical element that is typically made from two mineral deposits, pentlandite and pyrrhotite. | Nickel |
| We now use __________to make electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, jet engines, and power cells. | Nickel |
| A soft chemical element that gained praise after being discovered to treat psychiatric diseases in the mid-1800s | Lithium |
| We use this to make batteries | Lithium |
| A mineral deposit will only be mined if it's ________________ | Profitable |
| allows extraction of ores that are close to Earth’s surface. | Surface Mining |
| valuable minerals found in stream gravels | Placers |
| used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth’s surface. | Underground Mining |
| The ore’s journey to becoming a useable material is only just beginning when the ore leaves the mine. | Ore Extraction |
| A few methods for extracting ore are: | heap leaching flotation smelting |
| the addition of chemicals, such as cyanide or acid, to remove ore. | heap leaching |
| the addition of a compound that attaches to the valuable mineral and floats | flotation |
| roasting rock, causing it to segregate into layers so the mineral can be extracted | smelting |
| An ore deposit must be profitable to mine by definition. If it is no longer profitable, it is no longer an _______________ | ore deposit |
| Are fuels formed by natural natural resources such an anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organism | Fossil Fuels |
| Different types of fossil fuels | Coal Oil Natural Gas |
| Most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United States | Coal |
| A nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to create | Coal |
| Formed more than 300 million years ago | Oil |
| Sea creatures the size of a pinhead and can convert sunlight directly into stored energy | Diatoms |
| Has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years | Oil |
| Are photosynthesising algaes | Diatoms |
| Is lighter than air | Natural Gas |
| First discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in __________ | Iran |
| Formed when peat is altered physically and chemically. Is formed from the remains of vegetation that grew as long 400 million years ago | Gas |
| Coal is formed through a process called | Coalification |
| Hardest, most , higher carbon content | Anthracite |
| In between of how a coal is formed | Bituminous |
| Softest, low in carbon, high in oxygen content and hydrogen | Lignite |
| A substance from which another substance is formed to coal | Peat-precursor |
| Separate ingredients of coal used in making; tar, Fertilizers, Plastic, Medicins, Coke, Steel | Methanol and ethylene |
| Formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs | Oil |
| What products is Oil used in | Petroleum products and motor gasoline |
| A gas or compound that has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms | Methane |
| How natural gas are used as fossil fuels | To produce ; Steel glass paper clothing brick electricity |
| Natural gas used raw and turned into products | paints Fertilizer Antifreeze Dyes |
| Is a factory that takes raw material (crude oil) and transform it into petrol and hundreds of other useful products | Refinery |
| unprecedented underwater leak spreads oil across the northern Gulf of Mexico, threatening areas from Florida to the mouth of the Mississippi River and Florida | Exxon Valdez Oil |
| The oil rig that exploded in the gulf of mexico | Deep Water Horizon |
| Difference of Fossil Fuels and Biomass | Renewable and Nonrenewable energy |
| If you were to dig a big hole straight down into the Earth, you would notice the temperature getting warmer the deeper you go. That's because the inside of the Earth is full of heat. This heat is called _______________ | Geothermal Energy |
| Uses heat from deep inside the Earth to generate steam to make electricity. | Geothermal Power Plants |
| Taps into heat close to the Earth's surface to heat water or provide heat for buildings. | Geothermal heat pump |
| People have used geothermal energy for thousands of years. _____________, _______________, and ____________ cultures used hot mineral springs for bathing, cooking, and eating. | Ancient Roman Chinese Native Americans |
| Most people in _____________use geothermal energy to heat water and buildings | Iceland |
| Many of the best locations for geothermal energy are found in the “_______________,” a horseshoe–shaped area around the Pacific Ocean that experiences a lot of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions | Ring of fire |
| Geothermal power plants in the Philippines | Kidapawan Geothermal power plant Batangas geothermal plant Leyte geothermal plant |
| a renewable source of energy that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or other body of water. | Hydropower/Hydroelectric power |
| What Is the Largest Hydroelectric Power Plant in the World? | Three gorges Dam |
| Hydropower plants in the Philippines | Angat hydropower plant Mindanao Hydro plants Isabela hydro plants |
| ncineration is the process of burning hazardous materials at temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants. | Incineration |
| the practice of tillage, planting, and other farming operations performed on or near the contour of the field slope. | Contour Farming |
| the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants. | Composting |
| chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation. | Herbicides |
| a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals. | Pesticides |
| cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion. | Strip Cropping |
| a combination of practices used to protect the soil from degradation | Soil Conservation |
| how much water is physically accessible (water quantity) and whether that water is safe to use (water quality). | Water Availability |
| the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming. | Water Quality |
| refers to the availability of water, in adequate quantity and quality, to sustain all these needs together | Water security |
| the action or process of converting waste into reusable material. | Recycling |
| of a material, substance, or byproduct) eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process. | Waste |
| What is an ore? | made from aluminum berry |
| The most abundant ions that can be found in salt water | chloride and sodium. |
| t is a parasitic worm that enters the body through skin coming into contact with Water that contains untreated sewage | |
| is the abundance and large number of species, complex food webs, a variety of ecological niches | High biodiversity |
| loss describes the decline in the number, genetic variability, and variety of species, and the biological communities | Low Biodiversity |
| What are the effects of proper waste disposal | greatly reduce the number of harmful chemicals and pollutants that enter our water, air, and soil. |
| is not static (unchanging) but its crust is on constant state of motion | geosphere |
| 94% of Earth is composed of elements : | oxygen, silicon, and magnesium |
| energy and mass is transferred from 1 level of the food chain to the next | Biosphere |
| only about ____% of water on Earth is freshwater and about ___% of freshwater is frozen | 3 7 |
| examples of intrusive igneous rocks | granite, diorite,pegmatite |
| examples of extrusive igneous rocks | pumice, obsidian, basalt, rhyolite |
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