Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Chapter 10
Gene expression, transcription and translation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| key processes of gene expression | transcription and translation |
| Transcription | produces an RNA copy of a gene |
| Translation | interprets the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA to build a polypeptide |
| Central dogma | DNA > RNA > Protein |
| Central dogma exceptions | some genes end at RNA as the final product |
| Genes | provide a blueprint |
| Polypeptides | coded from structural genes |
| One or several polypeptides function as a | protein |
| DNA must be accessed | at the molecular level for genes to be expressed |
| The product of transcription | often a protein but can be RNA |
| Important sequences of transcription | promoter, transcribed region, terminator, and regulatory sequences |
| 3 stages of Transcription | initiation, elongation, termination |
| initiation in transcription | recognition step where the promoter is the start here signal |
| In bacteria what is used in the initiation step | sigma factor, binds RNA polymerase |
| Open complex | when DNA strands are separated |
| Elongation in transcription | occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA |
| Template strand | is the DNA Strand used as a template |
| Coding strand | the opposing strand |
| Transcript | is synthesized in the 5'to 3' direction |
| Termination in transcription | occurs when RNA polymerase reach a terminator, releases the transcript |
| The basic features of transcript | are similar among all organisms |
| Transcription of eukaryotic genes require | more complexity |
| The product of transcription in Eukaryotes | pre-mRNA |
| Pre-mRNa | a precursor that is processed to form a mature mRNA |
| In RNA modification in eukaryotes what is added? | 5'cap and 3 poly A tail |
| Splicing | the introns are removed and Exons are connected together |
| introns | intervening regions |
| exon | expressed regions |
| When does capping occur | when modified form of guanine is covalently attached to the 5' end |
| 5'cap function | For mRNA to exit the nucleus and bind the ribosome |
| Poly A tail purpose | increases the stability of the mRNA in the cytosol |
| Spliceosome | a complex that removes introns |
| The make up of a spliceosome | composed of Subunits, SnRNP, contains small nuclear RNA. and a set of proteins |
| Alternative splicing | allows complex eukaryotes to use the same gene to make different proteins |
| Splicing occurs | in a series of 4 steps |
| In step 1 of splicing | SnRNP subunits attach to the branch site/introns |
| In step 2 of splicing | additional SnRNP subunits gather at the site and form a loop with the intron |
| In step 3 of splicing | The intron is cut, 2 SnRNPs are released |
| In step 4 of splicing | The exon 1 and 2 covalently bond and the intron and the remaing SnRNPs are degraded |
| genetic code | specifies the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA |
| codons | a group of 3 nucleotides (code) |
| There are ____ different codons | 64, 1 start codon 3 stop codons and 61 codons |
| A code is redundant when | more than 1 codon can specify the same amino acid |
| Key components for translation | Ribosomal-binding site, start codon, coding sequence, and a stop codon |
| AUG | a start codon |
| the three stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| the start codons defines | the reading frame |
| Codons are read in | 5' to 3' |
| 5' end | phosphate end |
| 3' end | Hydroxide end |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | are involved in the translating the nucleotide base sequence of the mRNA into an amino acid sequence |
| DNA is _______ to make ____RNA | Transcribed, Messenger |
| mRNA is __________ to make _____RNA to make polypeptides | Translated, Transfer |
| In 1964, who discovered that synthetic RNA triplets can act like codons, causing a tRNA molecule to bind to the ribosome | nirenberg and leder |
| tRNA common features | 2-D cloverleaf structure with 3 loops anti codon located in the middle loop, 3' single-stranded region site , 3-D structure |
| anti codon | the complementary pair of RNA |
| Different tRNA is encoded by | a different gene |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthase | the enzyme that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules |
| Charged tRNA | when an amino acid is attached to tRNA |
| ribosomes are the sites of | translation |
| 3 sites in the ribosome where tRNA may be located | The aminoacyl (A) site, Peptidyl (P) site, the exit (E) site |
| if a species diverge a long time ago the gene sequences | are different |
| if a species diverge a short time ago the gene sequences | are similar |
| Translation occurs in 3 stages ..... | initiation, elongation, termination |
| Initiation in Translation | mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal subunits form into a complex |
| elongation in Translation | the ribosome moves in the 5' to 3' direction, synthesizing a polypeptide |
| Termination in Translation | the ribosomes reaches a stop codon and the complex disassembles, releasing the polypeptide |
| initiation factors | are proteins that help assemble the mRNA, tRNA, and a forming ribosomes into a complex |
| GTP | Guanin triphosphate |
| hydrolyze | break down |
| the elongation stage of translation involves ___ | Covalent binding of amino acids to eachother |
| elongation factors | hydrolyze GTP to provide energy to bind tRNA |
| the 3 Stop codons in translated are recognized by | a recognition factor |
Created by:
BananaBread12
Popular Biology sets