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Bio Chapter 9
Information of life, DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four criteria necessary for the genetic material | Information, replication, transmission, variation |
| Information | Must contain information necessary to construct entire organism |
| Replication | must be accurately copied |
| Transmission | must be passed from parents to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division |
| variation | be able to account for differences between individuals and species |
| In the late 1920 who was working with streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria | Frederick Griffith |
| Smooth Strains secrete capsules are | typically deadly |
| Rough strains do not secrete capsules are | survivable |
| What happened when a mix of live type R and heat killed type S bacteria was injected | The mouse died and living type S bacteria were isolated from the blood |
| In griffiths experiment what was concluded | The dead type S cells transformed the type R cells into type S |
| In the 1940s, who made an experiment to identify the genetic material in Griffith's observation | Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty |
| What was responsible for transforming type R cells into type S cells | DNA |
| Forms of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| DNA and RNA functions | polymers of nucleotides, storage, expression and transmission of genetic information |
| Nucleotides | the building blocks |
| Strand | a linear polymer |
| Double helix | the two strands twisted together |
| Chromosomes | DNA associated with different proteins |
| Genome | the complete complement of genetic material in an organism |
| Components of a nucleotide | a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base |
| A strand is formed | when nucleotides are covalently attached |
| What bonds DNA | covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds |
| Sugar phosphate backbone | formed by a sugar in one nucleotide is linked to a phosphate group |
| Strands have ____ based on orientation of the sugar molecule | Directionality |
| The 5' end of a DNA strand | has a free phosphate group |
| the 3' end of a DNA strand | has a free hydroxyl group |
| The structure of DNA | double stranded helix |
| How is DNA stabilized between base pairs | H-bonds |
| What is the base pairs | AT/CG |
| Strands are_______ and ________ | complimentary to each other, antiparallel |
| Major groove in DNA | provides a binding site |
| Xray diffraction | a tool that led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure |
| Who analyzed DNA diffraction patterns in 1950s | Rosalind Franklin |
| Rosalind franklin's experiment indicated | a helical structure, a uniform diameter (~2nm), and a diameter too big to be a single strand |
| Who analyzed the base composition of DNA and found a pattern ins 1950 | Erwin Chargaff |
| Who used previous work to discover the structure of DNA | Jame Watson and Francis Crick |
| 3 Different models for DNA replication | Semiconservative mechanism, conservative mechanism, dispersive mechanism |
| Parent strands | Original strands |
| Daughter strands | newly made strands |
| Who made an experiment to differentiate among the three proposed DNA replication mechanisms in 1958 | Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl |
| The results of Meselson and Stahl's experiments | The results agreed with the semiconservative mechanism |
| During replication, 2 parental strands separate and serve as ____________ | template strands for the synthesis of daughter strands |
| Origin of replication | is a site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication |
| Replication bubble | An opening when DNA strands are unwound. |
| Replication forks | where replication proceeds outward in bother directions |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are | larger and have a linear structure with multipe origins |
| What proteins are responsible for fork formation and movement | DNA helicase, DNA topoisomerase, and a single-strand binding proteins |
| DNA topoisomerase | travels slightly ahead of the replication fork and alleviates coiling |
| Single-strand binding proteins | coat the DNA strands to prevent them from re-forming a double helix |
| DNA helicase | travels along one DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction and separates the DNA strands |
| Two enzymes that are needed to synthesize DNA strands during replication | DNA polymerase and DNA primase |
| Dna Polymerase covalently links | nucleotides together |
| DNA Polymerase cannot begin synthesis________ | on a bare template, only extend a pre-existing strand, sy |
| DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in a ________ | 5' to 3' direction |
| DNA primase makes a _____________ that can be extended by DNA polymerase | complimentary primer of RNA |
| The leading strand in a daughter strand __________ | is made continuously, in the same direction as the replication fork |
| The lagging strand in a daughter strand _______ | is made as a series of small Okazaki fragments extending in the opposite direction as the replication fork |
| in DNA replication mistakes are ______ | rare |
| A/T and C/G are _________ stable than mismatched pairs | more |
| DNA polymerase can ______ to remove mismatched pairs | Proofread |
| DNA polymerase is _______ to catalyze bonds between ____ | Unlikely, nucleotides |
| Chromosomes are __________ to fit inside the nucleus | must be folded and compacted |
| Chromosome | describes a discrete unit of genetic material |
| Chromatin | refers to the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
| Histones | a group of proteins that are wrapped by Eukaryotic DNA |
| Nucleosomes | Eukaryotic DNA wrapped Histones |
| Nucleosomes are _______ in diameter | 30 Nm |
| Loop domains | compaction between 30nm fibers and proteins |
| The level of compaction of chromosomes is not ________ | Uniform |
| heterochromatic | is highly compacted |
| Euchromatin | is les condensed |
| When a cell prepares to divide, | each chromosome becomes entirely condensed |
Created by:
BananaBread12
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