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Bio Chapter 8
Cell communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| .All living organisms | require cell communication to survive |
| cell communication involves | responding to incoming signals and producing outgoing signals |
| How many common ways signals are relayed between cells | 5 |
| direct intercellular signalling | cell junctions allow signals to pass directly from one cell to another |
| contact-dependent signalling | molecules bound to the surface of cells serve as signals to cells coming in contact with them |
| autocrine signalling | cells secrete. signalling molecules that bind tp tjeor pwm sirface receptors |
| paracrine signaling | cells release signals that affect nearby cells |
| endocrine signalling | hormones signals are released into blood and affect target cells that are far |
| The three common stages of cell signalling | receptor activation, signal transduction, cellular response |
| Receptor activation | binding of signaling molecule activates functions |
| Signaling transduction | the activated receptor stimulates a series of proteins that form a signal transduction pathway |
| Cellular response | the signal transduction affects functions and/or cellular proteins |
| signal transduction pathway is formed by | a group of proteins |
| Ligand (signaling molecule) | binds noncovalently to its receptor with high specificity |
| When a ligand binds to the receptor ____ | the structure changes |
| Kd | the dissociation constant, used to quantity the affinity of receptors |
| the Kd value is __________ related to the affinity between ligand and its receptor | inversely |
| Most signaling molecules are ____ and ____ | are small and hydrophobic or too large to pass |
| most enzyme-linked receptors are classified as either | enzyme-linked receptors, g protein- couple receptor, ligang-gated ion channels |
| enzyme linked receptors domains | signal-binding domain, intercelllar catalytic domain |
| Signals often use | chemical molecules , light, or temperature |
| Why is cell communication necessary? | to respond to a changing environment, to communicate with other cells |
| Over time the complex between the ligand and its receptor will ______ | dissociate |
| K on is the rate at which ____ | binding occurs |
| K off is the rate at which ____ | the ligand-receptor complex dissociates |
| The binding and release between a ligand and receptor is relatively rapid and_______ | equilibrium is reached |
| Kd at equilibrium | K off/K on |
| When ligand is above the Kd value | most receptors are likely to have ligand bound to them |
| IWhen the ligand is substantially below the Kd value | most receptors will not be bound to their ligand |
| Cell surface receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane | detect extracellular signals |
| Most enzyme-linked recptors function as | protein kinases |
| Protein kinases | transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid in target proteins |
| G-proteins-coupled receptors (GPCRs) | interact with intracellular proteins called G proteins |
| G proteins can bind | GTP and GDP |
| When a signaling molecule binds a ligand-gate ion channel | the channel opens and allows the flow of ions across the membrane |
| intracellular receptors | found in the cytosol or nucleus, bind signal molecules that are small and hydrophobic |
| Activation of an intracellular receptor leads to | gene expression |
| Enzyme-linked receptor Location | Plasma membrane |
| GPCR Location | Plasma membrane |
| Ligand-gated ion Location | Plasma membrane |
| Intracellular receptor Location | Cytosol or nucleus |
| Enzyme-linked receptor effect of activation | Phosphorylation of an intracellular protein |
| GPCR effect of activation | Binds to a G protein |
| Ligand-gated ion effect of activation | Opens an Ion channel |
| intracellular receptor effect of activation | Turns on transcription of specific genes |
| Enzyme-linked receptor Example | EGF receptor |
| GPCR Example | Epinephrine receptor |
| Ligand-gated ion Example | acetylcholine receptor |
| intracellular receptor Example | Estrogen receptor |
Created by:
BananaBread12
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