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Honors Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fact | An objective, verifiable observation. |
| Principle | A statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes an aspect of the world. |
| Law | Broad concept or principle (HOW?). |
| Theory | An explanation of an observed phenomenon (WHY?). |
| Qualitative | An observation that describes qualities. |
| Quantitative | An observation that uses numbers to measure something |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that will change in response to the independent variable. |
| Constants/Controlled Variables | The aspects of an experiment that are constant/consistent. |
| Experimental Group | The groups that are being tested. |
| Control Group | The group used for comparison with your experimental groups (“normal group”). |
| Technology | The advancement of society. |
| Engineering | Applies scientific and mathematical principles to solve problems. |
| Define Science | The advancement of knowledge |
| Give an example of a hypothesis in the correct format | IF Daniel runs in Nike tennis shoes, THEN we will win first place in the race BECAUSE the Nike shoes make him run faster |
| Explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables within a hypothesis | The relationship between the IV and DV in a hypothesis is that the DV depends on the IV, without the IV the DV could never happen |
| Differentiate between an observation and an inference | An observation is something that can be easily seen whereas an inference is a guess or idea that needs to be supported by evidence. |
| Explain the difference between accuracy and precision, and the significance of having data that is both. | Accuracy measures how close results are to the true or known value. Precision, on the other hand, measures how close results are to one another. |
| List the general steps in designing and conducting an experiment. | 1. Ask a question 2. Conduct background research 3. Construct a hypothesis 4. Test your hypothesis in an experiment 5. Analyze data 6. conclusions and communicate them |
| Independent Variable | The variable that the experimenter will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation. |
| Give an example of a scientific investigation design, with appropriate constants and variables (IV and DV). | Does the type of water for the plant affect the plant? Constant: the same plant IV: the type of water DV: the growth of the plant |
| Explain the general steps of the technological design process, and the criteria that must be considered when designing a solution. | 1. Problem Identification 2. Solution Design 3. Brainstorm 4. Materials 5.Perfect design is never possible, benefits > the risks 6. Implementation 7. Evaluation 8. Determine if you solved the problem and met all of the constraints of the project |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| Atom | The smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element. |
| Cell | The most basic unit of life. |
| Isotopes | 2 or more forms of the same element with the same number of p+ different numbers of n°. |
| Valence Electrons | The electrons are in the outermost energy level. |
| Compound | 2 or more atoms of different elements bonded together. |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together. |
| Cation | Forms when an atom loses an electron, it becomes more positively charged. |
| Anion | Forms when an atom gains an electron, it becomes more negatively charged. |
| Surface Tension | Measure how difficult it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid/resist an external force. |
| Solution | Uniform mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solute | What gets dissolved |
| Solvent | What does the dissolving |
| Hydrophiling (Polar) | Has an affinity for water, and usually dissolves easily in water. |
| Hydrophobic (nonpolar) | Does not have an affinity for water, doesn't dissolve easily in water |
| List the six elements necessary for life and give examples of three molecules that contain those elements. | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
| List the levels of organization that make up an organism, starting with an atom and ending with an organism | atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism |
| Explain the difference between periods and groups and what each tells you about the atom. | 18 horizontal groups = # of valence electrons 7 vertical periods = number of electron shells in element |
| Explain why elements tend to form bonds in compounds and provide two examples of how they can do that. | They make stable bonds. Hydrogen + Chlorine combines sharing 1 electron = compound HCl Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon make 2, 3, and 4 covalent bonds w/ Hydrogen = compounds H2O, NH3, CH4 |
| Differentiate between polar and nonpolar molecules. | Polar molecules have an unequal distribution of charges and dissolves in water. Nonpolar molecules have no separation of charges and don't dissolve in water. |
| Describe the bonds that form within a water molecule and between different water molecules. | Covalent Bonds are within the water molecule Hydrogen Bonds are between different water molecules and they make water "sticky" |
| Explain the properties of water that make it such a unique molecule. | Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density. Water is the only molecule that is less dense when it is a solid. |
| Macromolecules | Large organic molecules (carbon-containing) that make up all living things. |
| Monomer | Small, basic subunits |
| Polymer | Larger, more complex structures made of monomers. |
| Monosaccharide | One sugar |
| Polysaccharide | Many sugars |
| List the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. | Monomers Carbohydrates - monosaccharides Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic acids - nucleotides Proteins - amino acids Polymers Proteins - Polypeptide Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides Lipids - Triglycerides Nucleic acids - Nucleic Acid |
| Explain the process of polymerization — both the forming of polymers, through dehydration, and the breaking of polymers, through hydrolysis. | Dehydration Reaction: Builds a polymer by linking monomers (removing water molecule) Hydrolysis: Breaks big polymers into smaller monomers (adds water molecule) |
| Explain the major functions of each macromolecule. | Carbohydrates - Energy storage (short) Lipids - Energy storage (long) Proteins - No major because they do so much Nucleic Acid - Info molecules that store, transmit, and express genetic info, instructions to make proteins |
| Provide an example for each type of macromolecule. | Carbohydrates - Sugars/starches Lipids - Fats, oils, phospholipids (in cell membrane), steroids Proteins - meats, nuts, dairy products, many made by your body Nucleic Acid - DNA/RNA (get from parents, not food) |
| Compare the relative energy storage of the macromolecules. | Carbohydrates - 4 calories/gram Lipids - 9 calories/gram Proteins - 4 calories/gram Nucleic Acid - 0 calories/gram |
| List the order in which the body will consume carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for energy, and explain why. Based on this information, include what diet and exercise plan would be the best for someone trying to lose weight in a healthy way. | 1. Carbohydrates b/c body can access/break down easy 2. Lipids b/c they have more energy per mass, but carbohydrates are needed for specific organs 3. Proteins b/c they already do a lot for the body so they are the last resort |
| Sketch a picture of the macromolecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane and explain why it’s structure gives the membrane a unique property. | Phospholipid w/ Hydrophilic Head, Hydrophobic Tail, Phosphate, Glycerol, Saturated Fatty Acid, Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structure makes membrane selectively permeable |
| Explain what makes proteins the most diverse macromolecule | Proteins have so many different functions that they run your body unlike other macromolecules that have a main function. |
| List which macromolecule not obtained from our food and where do we get it from. | Nucleic acids are not obtained from food, we get them from our parents. |
| Describe the three components that make up the structure of the atom, including their charge and specific locations within the atom. | Electrons (-): Rings Protons (+): Nucleus Neutrons (0): Nucleus |
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addyxnicole
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