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Bio Chapter 7
Photosynthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | captures light energy and uses energy to make carbohydrates |
| In photosynthesis CO2 ______ | Is reduced |
| In Photosynthesis H2O is ________ | Oxidized |
| The reactants of photosynthesis | 6CO2 +12 H2O + light energy |
| Products of photosynthesis | C2H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O |
| Is photosynthesis is an endergonic or exergonic | Endergonic |
| Autotrophs | make organic molecules from inorganic sources |
| photoautotrophs | That uses light as energy |
| Heterotrophs | must consume food |
| Life is driven by | Photosynthetic activity |
| Chloroplast | organelles that carry out photosynthesis contains the pigment chlorophyll |
| Mesophyll cells | where photosynthesis occurs |
| Stomata | Allows passage of CO2 and O2 |
| Light reactions | starts with light and ends with ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle | uses ATP and NADPH to make carbohydrates |
| Lights is a type of | Electromagnetic radiation and travels as waves |
| Photons | Light particles |
| Shorter wave lengths mean ____ energy | more |
| Longer wave lengths mean ______ energy | less |
| What are the three things that happens when light encounters a molecule | it may pass through the molecule, bounce off to a different direction, or be absorbed |
| Pigments | are molecules that can absorb some light and reflect others |
| After an electron absorbs energy it is in its | Excited state, usually unstable |
| Electrons releases energy _____, ______, or _____ | as heat, as light, transferred or captured |
| Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b | contains a porphyrin ring with a delocalized electron |
| hydrocarbon tail | anchors the pigment within the thylakoid membrane |
| carotenoids | orange pigment another type of pigment |
| absorption spectrum | a graph that depict the wave lengths that are absorbed by different pigment |
| action spectrum graph | that shows rate of photosynthesis |
| thylakoid membranes | contains 2 protein complexes, Photosystem I and photosystem II |
| light | excites pigment molecules in PSII and PSi |
| linear electron flow | when PSII and PSi combine |
| What does the linear electron flow produce | O2, ATP, and NADPH |
| Role of Photosystem II | initial step in photosynthesis, oxidizes water (generates O2 and H+) |
| Roles of photosystem I | Makes NADPH+ from NADP+, fuels ATP synthesis |
| Photophosphorylation | the process of ATP production in the chloroplast |
| Calvin cycle | uses more ATP than NADPH |
| Cyclic electron flow | another path of electron flow produces additional ATP, only produces ATP |
| PSI and PSII have ______ and. _________ | Light-harvesting complex (antena complex) and reaction center |
| Resonance energy transfer | a process where the light harvesting complex absorbs photons of light and transfers energy between pigments |
| P680 | a special pigment molecule releases its high energy electron and is oxidized |
| how are the electrons replaced in P680+ | water is oxidized |
| PSII | is the only known protein complex that can oxidize water, releases O2 |
| Z scheme | a model made in 1960 proposing photosynthesis involved 2 events of light absorption |
| Calvin cycle | uses ATP and NADPH to make carbohydrates |
| For every 6 CO2 incorportaed | 18 ATP and 12 NADPH is used |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | product of the Calvin cycle, used for glucose synthesis |
| G3P | a carbohydrate with 3 carbon atoms |
| The 3 stages of calvin cycle | Carbon fixation, reduction and carbohydrate production, regeneration |
| 1st stage of the calvin cycle | Carbon fixation |
| 2nd stage of the calvin cycle | Reduction and carbohydrate production |
| 3rd stage of the calvin cycle | regeneration of RuBP |
| Carbon fixation | CO2 is combined with RuBP, splits into 2 3-carbon molecules, using rubisco |
| RuBP | a 5 carbon sugar |
| Rubisco | an enzyme that catalyzes in carbon fixation |
| Reduction and carbohydrate production | ATP is used as energy and NADPH is used as electrons G3P is produced |
| Regeneration of RUBP | most of the g3p is used to regenerate RuBP, allows continuation of the cycle |
| what alters the operation of the calvin cycle | Temperature, water availability, and light intensity |
| Photosynthesis occurs when | rubisco add O2, a molecule of CO2 is released |
| C4 plants | make oxaloacetate in carbon fixation |
| Oxaloacetate | a 4 carbon molecule |
| Mesophyll cells | capture CO2 into oxaloacetate using an enzyme that binds CO2 |
| `Bundle sheath cells | Where the calvin cycle occurs by transport of the captured carbon |
| CAM plants | open their stomata at night, CO2 is captured and stored |
| Which is better? C3 or C4? | depends on the environment |
| in a cooler climate C3 _______ | uses less energy |
| Biosphere | refers to regions on the surface of the earth and atmosphere where living organisms exists |
| the wavelength of light that a pigment absorbs depends ____ ______ | on the amount of energy needed to boost an electron to a higher orbital |
| Whats the purpose of having different pigments? | different pigments allows plants to absorb light at different wavelengths |
| Action spectrum | depicts the rate of photosynthesis by a whole plant at specific wavelengths |
| When is the cyclic flow is favored? | When the level of NADP+ is low and NADPH is high, also when ATP levels are low |
| P680* >>> ____ | P680+ + e- |
| C3 plants | what most plants are called because the first molecule that CO2 is incorporated into (3PG) is a 3 carbon molecule |
| Photorespiration occurs when ____ | rubisco adds O2 as intermediates are processed, a molecule of CO2 is released |
| What happens whe C3 plants are subjected to hot and dry environments | 25-50% of their work is reversed |
| C4 and CAM plants adaptations help plants living _________ | in hot and dry environments to conserve water and minimize photorespiration |
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BananaBread12
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