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Ch. 9 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Catabolic pathways molecules are broken down and energy is released
Fermentation partial degradation (breakdown) of sugars without the use of oxygen
Aerobic respiration the catabolic breakdown of organic molecules to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen
Oxidation-reduction (redox) chemical reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another
Oxidation loss of electrons; lose energy; becomes positively charged
Reduction gain of electrons; gain energy; becomes negatively charged
NAD+ an electron carrier; becomes reduced by gaining 2 electrons and a hydrogen ion
FAD an electron carrier
NADH the reduced version of NAD+
Glycolysis the process of splitting glucose (6-carbon) into 2 pyruvate (3-carbon) molecules; occurs in the cytoplasm; nets 2 ATP; occurs without oxygen
Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) occurs after pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
Pyruvate a 3-carbon molecule formed from the splitting of glucose in glycolysis
Acetyl CoA is formed when pyruvate is oxidized; CO2 is released; coenzyme A is added to form acetyl CoA
ATP adenosine triphosphate
ATP Synthase a protein channel located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that uses an electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP
Chemiosmosis an energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across the membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP
Substrate-level Phosphorylation the use of enzymes to synthesize ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis together
Electrochemical gradient hydrogen ion gradient
Alcohol fermentation the process of converting pyruvate to alcohol in the absence of oxygen; produces low amounts of ATP and CO2; used by yeasts in winemaking, beer making and baking
Lactic acid fermentation the process of converting pyruvate to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen; produces low amounts of ATP and CO2; used by bacteria to make yogurt and cheese; also occurs in our muscles
Created by: sacann
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