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Bio Chapter 6
How Cells Utilize Energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| There are 2 general forms of energy | Kinetic and potential |
| Kinetic energy | associated with active movement |
| Potential Energy | Due to structure or location |
| Chemical Potential Energy | The energy in bonds between atoms, is important form of potential energy |
| The first law of thermodynamics States | that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transfformed form one type to another |
| The Second law of thermodynamics States | that a transfer of energy from one form to another increases the entropy |
| Entropy | degree of disorder |
| If entropy increases _____ energy is available for organisms to use to promote change | Less |
| Total energy = _______ _______ + ________ _________ | Usuable, energy unusable energy |
| Entropy is the main component of | Unusable energy |
| Free energy (G) is... | the usuable energy,the amount of energy available to do work |
| In Exergonic reactions, the products have _____ free energy, therefore.... | Less, Free energy is released |
| In Endergonic Reactions, the products have _______ free energy, so...... | More, free energy must be added during the reaction |
| Endergonic reaction can be coupled to an ________ ______ | Exergonic Reaction |
| Catalyst | an agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction |
| enzymes | Protein catalysts in the living cells that increase the ratess of chemical reactions |
| Activation energy | energy that is required to start the reaction |
| Active site | The location where the reaction takes place |
| Substrate | the reactants that bind the enzyme and then undergoes change |
| Affinity | The attraction of an enzyme for a substrate |
| Affinity can be strong when... | Enzyme binds even when a substrate is at low concentration |
| Affinity can be weak when.... | enzyme only binds at high substrate concentration |
| Vmax | is the maximal rate |
| Km | is the substrate concentration where velocity is half the max |
| Reversible inhibitors | What cells use to regulate enzyme activity |
| Competitive inhibitors | Bind non convalently to the active site |
| If Km increase ----- | More substrate is needed to achieve the same velocity |
| Non competitive inhibitors | bind to a distinct regulatory site |
| Allosteric site | a distinct regulatory site |
| prosthetic group | a small molecule permanently attached to the enzyme |
| co factor | an ion that temporarily binds to enzyme |
| co enzyme | an organic molecule that participates in reaction but is unchanged |
| What influences enzyme structure | temperature, pH, ionic conditions |
| metabolic pathways | a series of steps where chemical reaction occur |
| catabolic reaction | break down larger molecules into smalled ones, typically exergonic |
| anabolic reaction | synthesizeed larger molecules, typically exergonic |
| Types of energy intermediate | ATP or NADH, which stores broken down large molecule ex: glucose |
| Oxidation | the removal of electrons |
| Reduction | the addition of electrons |
| What reactions are coupled | Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions |
| Substances that have been oxidized has _____ energy | Less |
| Substances that have been reduced has ____ energy | more |
| Cells use _____ in redox reactions | NAD+/NADH |
| Gene regulation involves | increasing/decreasing the gene-expression |
| Cells integrate signals from _____ _______ | their environment |
| Feedback inhibition | a product of a pathway binds a pathway enzyme at an allosteric site |
| Cellular respiration is a process | by which living cells obtains energy from organic molecules |
| Aerobic respiration | Uses O2 generates CO2 |
| The 4 metabolic pathways in aerobic respiration | Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| First stage of cellular respiration | Glycolysis |
| In the investment phase in glycolysis | glucose is invested |
| in the cleavage phase in glycolysis | Molecules are split |
| in the energy liberation phase in glycolysis | The molecules are freed |
| Inputs of glycolysis | 2 NAD+, glucose, 2 atp |
| Outputs of glycolysis | 2 molecules of pyruvate, a net of 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
| The second stage of cellular respiration | Pyruvate oxidation |
| The location of the second stage of cellular respiration | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Inputs of pyruvate oxidation | 2 pyruvates, 2NAD+, Co-enzyme A |
| Outputs of pyruvate oxidation | 2 Acetyl CO-a, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2 |
| Third stage of cellular respiration | Citric acid cycle |
| Inputs of the citric acid cycle | 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP, 2 acetyl groups |
| the citric acid cycle goes ______ | Twice |
| Outputs of the citric acid cycle | 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
| Fourth stage of Cellular respiration | ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation |
| inputs of Oxidative phosphorylation | 6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH, ADP, O2 |
| Outputs of ETC | 34 ATP |
| ATP Synthase uses | The H+ gradient to synthesize ATP |
| The Electron transport chain consists of | a group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial matrix |
| The final electron acceptor | Oxygen receives electrons |
| H+ electrochemical gradient | made from some energy that is released during the movements of the electrons is used to pump |
| H+ gradient is a _______ | Source of potential energy |
| The flow of H+ through the ATP synthase enzyme causes ___________ | conformational changes that result in the synthesis of ATP ( from ADP + P) |
| Chemiosis | the chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation produces | ATP |
| NADH Oxidation | contributes to the H+ electrochemical gradient used to synthesize ATP |
| the creation of 1 ATP requires | 3-4 H+ down their gradient |
| Cells rarely acheive 30-34 ATP molecules/glucose because | NADH is used in anabolic pathways, H+gradient is used for other purposes |
| The actual amount of ATP produce ______ | ~25 |
| ATP synthase | a rotary machine powered by an energy source |
| wheb proteins and fats are broken down ______ | can be used in glycolysis or the CAC |
| Anaerobic respiration _________ | Lacks oxygen |
| Two ways to metabolism without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration and fermentation |
| Fermentation | Produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Anaerobic respiration | uses a susbtrate other than O2 as the final electron acceptor of the ETC |
| Nitrate reductase | Product from E.Coli in anaerobic conditions, uses Nitrite |
| Under anaerobic conditions | NADH builds up and NAD+ decreases |
| _______ must be regenerated to keep glycolysis running | NAD+ |
| fermentation is ____ | Lactic acid production in muscles and ethanol production in yeast |
| Fermentation allows the continuation of glycolysis by _______ | oxidizes NADH to NAD+ |
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BananaBread12
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