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Exam 2 Bailey Review
Claire Bailey Micro Exam 2 FCCJ
| test 2-word or question | test 2-answer or comment |
|---|---|
| capsule - slime layer | polysaccharides, protects bacterium from phagocytosis |
| cell wall | thin membrane outside the plama membrane and within the capsule. gives the cell its shape. |
| chromosomes | single long circular molecule of DNA found in the nucleoid. |
| cytoplasm | cell growth, metabolism and replication takes place here. |
| cytoplasmic membrane | bi layer phospholipids and proteins. encloses the cytoplasm |
| endospores | highly resistant bodies formed by bacterial species |
| flagella | whip like structure used for locomotion or movement |
| metachromatic granules | extracellular deposit used in the staining process |
| pilli | hair like proejecions that transfer DNA to one another |
| plasmids- episomes | circular DNA that is separate from the chromosome, replicates independently, antibiotic resistance. |
| protoplast | bacteria without a cell wall |
| ribosomes | RNA granules that are sites of protein synthesis and translates genetic codes |
| spheroplast | bacterial cell whose cell wall is bsent or deficient, has a spherical form |
| volutin granules | stores phosphate to be used for ATP production |
| flagella | made of a protein called flagellin, 9 pairs of hollow protein fibers around a central pair, originate from the basal body inside the cell, movement in a whip-like action (SPERM) |
| pseudopods | not structures, white blood cells use them to move around |
| cilia | not structures, white blood cells use them to move around |
| nucleus | nuclear membrane with 23 pairs of chromosome, goes through mitosis and meiosis |
| cell membrane | layer of protein and phospholipids, serves as a selective barrier through which materials pass through the cell, it is stronger than prokaryotic organisms |
| mitochondria | the power house of the cell, site for ATP production, consists of a double membrane |
| ribosomes | the power house of the cell, site for ATP production, consists of a double membrane |
| lysosomes | filled with lysozyme, function is to destroy the cell wall of bacteria, which inhibits cell division, located in mucous, tears and white blood cells |
| capsid | protein coat of a virus that house the viral nucleic acid |
| capsomere | a protein subunit of a viral capsid, made of protein |
| virion | one virus particle |
| phage | a virus that infects bacteria, they have tails and tail fibers that attach to the bacterial cell wall |
| envelope | a virus that infects bacteria, they have tails and tail fibers that attach to the bacterial cell wall |
| tail, tail fibers | help the virus attach to the bacterial cell wall, contracts and forces nucleic acid into centromeres |
| peplomeres | spikes made of protein |
| antiseptic | a chemical that disinfects the skin or mucous membrane (antisepsis) |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of solids by eukaryotic cells |
| monotrichous flagellation | single flagellum |
| amphitrichous flagellation | tufts of flagella at both ends of a cell |
| peritrichous flagellation | flagella distributed over the entire cell |
| lophotrichous flagellation | two or more flagella at one end of a cell |
| endoenzyme | an enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was produced |
| exoenzyme | enzyme that is secreted by a cell and that works outside that cell. It is usually used for breaking up large molecules that would not be able to enter the cell otherwise |
| apoenzyme | – the protein portion of an enzyme, which requires activation by a coenzyme. It actually does the work |
| coenzyme | organic molecule – usually a vitamin |
| haloenzyme | an enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor |
| enzyme | molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein |
| reduction | the addition of electrons to a molecule |
| oxidation | the removal of electrons from a molecule |
| dehydration | a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released |
| hydration | being combined with water |
| deamination | the removal of an amino group from an amino acid to form ammonia |
| decarboxylation | the removal of CO2 to from an amino acid |
| phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule |
| group transfer | special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane |
| hypertonic solution (hyperosmotic) | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution |
| hypotonic solution (hypoosmotic) | a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution |
| isotonic solution (isosmotic) | a solution in which, after immersion of a cell, osmotic pressure is equal across the cell’s membrane |
| crenation | shrinking and the collapsing of the cell |
| lysis | 1. destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in a loss of cytoplasm. 2. In disease, a gradual period of decline |
| lysozyme | a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the cell host cell without lysis |
| isomeration | transformation of a molecule into a different isomer |
| colony | population of cells which arise from a single cel |
| growth | orderly increase in the quantity of all components of the bacterial cell |
| generation time | time required for the cell to divide or for the population to double |
| media | material used to examine the bacteria ex. Gelatin (Koch) agar (Hesse) |
| psychrophile | organism that grows best at about 15 C and does not grow above 20 C, a cold loving microbe |
| thermophile | organism whose optimum growth temperature is between 50 C and 60 C, heat loving microbe |
| microaeophilic | organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen than is normally found in air |
| heterotroph | organism that requires an organic carbon source |
| autotroph | organism that uses carbon dioxide as its principle carbon source |
| obligate aerobe | organism that requires molecular oxygen to survive |
| obligate anaerobe | organism that does not use molecular oxygen and is killed in its presence |
| facultative anaerobe | organism that can survive with or without molecular oxygen |
| sterilization | rendering an object or substance free of all viable microbes |
| disinfection | killing pathogenic microbes on or in a material without necessarily sterilizing it |
| decontamination | emoving or inactivating pathogenic microbes and their toxic products. Can be used interchangeable with disinfection |
| germicide | agent that kills microbes |
| bacteriostatic | inhibits growth of bacterial without killing them |
| bactericidal | killing of bacteria |
| metabolism | sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell |
| anabolism | all synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones |
| catabolism | all decomposition reactions in a living organism; breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones |
| lysogenic conversion | acquisition of new properties by a host cell infected by a lysogenic phage |
| main types of enzymes according to where they function | 1-intracellular or endoenzyme (inside the cell), 2- extracellular or exoenzyme (outside of the cell) |
| explain the sequence of events for a substrate – enzyme reaction | 1-substrate contacts the active site of the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate complex 2-substrate is then transformed into products 3-products are released 4-The enzyme is recovered and unchanged |
| name the type of enzyme according to the kind of substrate or the type of reaction it catalyzes | Substrates ex: protein-proteinase, urea-urease. Reaction ex: oxidation-oxidase, reduction-reductase |
| explain the stages of microbial growth | LAG – no increase in number, but an increase in size – collects raw materials, LOG – cell population increases exponentially, STATIONARY – total number of cells are constant – live and dead cells are at an equilibrium, DEATH – cells die logarithmically |
| community | all populations in a habitat |
| ecosystem | all organisms together with their abiotic environment |
| ecology | the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment |
| ecological niche | the role an organism plays in the community |
| producers | plants |
| consumers | animals |
| decomposers | bacteria |
| list the types of microbial control | Heat – incineration, boiling, dry heat, autoclave, Pasteurization, Tyndallization, Filtration, Chemical Agents, Radiation |
Created by:
cafe Latte
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