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Biology Lab Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| List the steps to the scientific method | 1. make insightful observations. 2. pose testable questions 3. create a hypothesis 4. complete the experiment and gather data 5. quantify the data 7. refine hypothesis and retest 8. answer questions and make conclusions |
| Null Hypothesis | a statement that supposes no difference |
| Response/ Dependent variable | plotted on the y axis, changes based on the independent variable |
| Treatment/ Independent variable | plotted on the x axis, is what is being tested |
| Control variables | get all the same conditions except the treatment. used as a standard for comparison |
| qualitative data | descriptive information, testing for the presence of something |
| quantitative data | numerical values |
| replicates | multiple trials of the same experiment using the same conditions, validates the data |
| What are the reactants/products of aerobic cellular respiration? | oxygen and glucose>water, carbon dioxide, ATP |
| List the 3 steps of cellular respiration and their location | Glycolysis- cytoplasm Krebs cycle-mitochondria Electron transport chain-mitochondria |
| What is the goal of cellular respiration | breakdown of food molecules to make ATP |
| which of the 3 steps of cellular respiration is responsible for the most ATP production | Electron transport chain; produces 32-34 |
| what is the purpose of a negative control group | to provide a correct example of a negative response |
| provide the conclusion to the yeast experiment | yeast prefer to feed on glucose |
| describe a yeast organism | common name for any single celled fungi, domain eukarya, kingdom fungi. |
| what is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation | cellular respiration requires oxygen, fermentation does not |
| list the components of a lab report in order | Title page, abstract, introduction, materials/methods, discussion, results, references |
| binocular | having one lens for each eye |
| resolution | ability to distinguish between two points |
| contrast | difference between the lightest and darkest parts of the image |
| parfocal | a lens that stays in focus once the magnification is changed |
| parcentral | the image stays in the center as we change lenses |
| magnification | enlarging an image |
| field of view | the 2D area you see through the ocular lenses |
| depth field | thickness of an object viewed |
| wet mount | a freshly prepared slide |
| prepared slide | small plastic used with a wet mount |
| list the components of cell theory | all living organisms have 1 or more cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, cells are the fundamental unit of life |
| list the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes | pro- no nuclear membrane, no membrane bound organelles, always unicellular eu-has nucleus, all multicellular organisms are eu, some unicellular |
| list the cellular differences between plant and animal cells | plant- cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts animal- no cell wall, mitochondria |
| cyanobacteria | nuclei are not visible here |
| explain why stain is needed for some cell slides | nuclei are more visible when stained |
| what is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis | hydrolysis breaks polymers apart; dehydration synthesis links subunits together |
| list the four biologically important molecules | carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| what are the functions of carbs | quick energy |
| what are the functions of lipids | store energy, are hydrophobic & insoluble in water |
| what are the functions of proteins | transporting, healing, everything the others dont do. cell communication |
| what are the functions of nucleic acids | store genetic information |
| what are the monomers of carbs | monosaccharides, simple sugars; glucose, fructose, deoxyribose |
| what are the monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| what are the monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotides(adenine, thymine, guanine, uracil, cytosine) |
| define a positive control | a known positive that sets an example |
| define a negative control | a known negative that sets an example |
| What does Lugols Iodine reagent test for? What would a positive/negative response look like? | tests for starch; positive: black, negative: amber |
| What does Benedicts reagent test for? What would a positive/negative response look like? | used to test for reducing sugars. starts blue and has heat added, goes from green>yellow>red the higher positive it goes. |
| What does Biuret's reagent test for? What would a positive/negative response look like? | tests for peptide bonds, starts blue and turns purple if positive |
| What two molecules make up the plasma membrane? | phospholipids and proteins |
| what portions of the membrane are hydrophobic/phyllic | polar (hydrophilic) heads, nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails |
| what makes the membrane selectively permeable | most hydrophilic molecules cannot pass directly through the membrane |
| define diffusion | all molecules move spontaneously from high to low concentration, passive |
| define osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. passive. |
| what conditions affect osmosis rates and how? | smaller go faster, increased temps go faster |
| what conditions affect the rates of diffusion and how? | small molecules diffuse faster, faster in greater concentration gradients, faster in increased temperatures, gases diffuse faster than liquids |
| tonicity | concentration of a solute in the solution compared to the concentration of the solute in the cell |
| if the tonicity of the solution is isotonic, the solute concentration is | the same as the cell |
| if the tonicity if the solution is hypotonic, the solute concentration is | less than the cell |
| if the tonicity of the solution is hypertonic, the solute concentration is | more than the cell |
| T/F, the solute does not move easily across the membrane, but water does | T |
| What is the net movement of water in an isotonic solution | none |
| what is the net movement of water in a hypotonic solution | the cell gains water |
| what is the net movement of water in a hypertonic solution | the cell loses water |
| what solution does an animal cell prefer | isotonic, no net movement of water |
| what would happen to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution | lysis; cell would burst |
| what would happen to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution | crenation; the cell would shrivel |
| what solution do plant cells prefer | hypotonic; creates turgor pressure and a strong cell |
| what would happen to a plant cell in an isotonic solution | the cell would become weak from no water movement |
| what would happen to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution | causes plasmolysis; the membrane pulls from the cell wall, plant wilts and dies |
| oculars | magnify the image |
| nose piece | holds the objective lenses and can be rotated |
| objectives | produce quality images at different magnifications |
| arm | connects to the base and supports the microscope |
| coarse focus adjustment | pushes the stage up and down |
| stage | where the specimen is placed for observation |
| iris diaphragm | allows you to adjust the amount of light |
| stage controls | moves the stage back and forth |
| light source | shines under the organism and passes through thin objects |
| base | support for the microscope |
| in this course we use a _________ microscope | compound light |
| fine focus adjustment | focuses the image where coarse focus cannot |
| what is the formula for total magnification | objective lens power times ocular lens power |
| 4 minimum requirements for any cell | Must have: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic information, ribosomes |
| polymers of carbs | polysaccharide; glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin |
| polymers of proteins | proteins connected by peptide bonds |
| polymers of nucleic acids | DNA, RNA |
Created by:
emilyblackwell1
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