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AP Biology

Unit 5. Heredity

QuestionAnswer
Genotype The set of genes that an organism carries.
Phenotype The set of traits that an organism expresses, such as hair color or eye color.
Sexual reproduction The process of producing offspring that receive genetic material from two parents; in eukaryotes, the process occurs through meiotic cell division and fertilization.
Genetic Variation The range of different genotypes found among individuals.
Diploid A cell with two sets of chromosomes (denoted as 2n).
Haploid A cell with one set of chromosomes (denoted as 1n).
Meiosis A form of cell division in which a parental cell divides in two stages to produce four daughter cells.
Sex Chromosomes A chromosome associated with sex determination.
Autosomes A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Homologous Chromosomes Two chromosomes that are similar in size and shape, and that carry the same genes.
Karyotype A visual display of the pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis I The first step in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are separated from each other.
Meiosis II The second step in meiosis in which sister chromatids are separated from each other.
Non-sister Chromatids Chromatids that are not connected by a centromere.
Crossing Over A process in prophase I in meiosis when each chromatid can break at the chiasma and then connect to a non-sister chromatid. Also known as recombination.
Recombination See crossing over.
Gametes A reproductive haploid cell; gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. In many species, there are two types of gametes: eggs in females, sperm in males.
Zygote The diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes.
Dominant Describes an allele or trait that is expressed in heterozygotes. Only one dominant allele is needed to express the phenotype.
Recessive Describes an allele or trait that is only expressed in homozygotes, and not expressed in heterozygotes. Two recessive alleles are needed to express the phenotype.
Allele Different forms of a gene, corresponding to different DNA sequences.
Monohybrid Cross A cross between two individuals that are hybrids for a single gene, meaning they possess two different alleles.
Law of Segregation The principle that half of the gametes receive one allele of a gene and half receive the other allele. This principle is explained by meiosis, in which the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I.
Homozygous A condition in which an individual possesses two identical alleles for a given gene.
Heterozygous A condition in which an individual possesses two different alleles for a given gene.
Probability The likelihood of an event happening.
Addition Rule of Probability Rule which states that the probability of two mutually exclusive events happening is the sum of their individual probabilities.
Multiplication Rule of Probability A rule which states that the probability of two independent events both happening is the product of their individual probabilities.
Chi-square Test A statistical test that determines whether the number of observed events in different categories differs from an expected number of events.
Law of Independent Assortment The principle that segregation of one set of alleles for one gene is independent of the segregation of a second set of alleles for a different gene.
Dihybrid cross A mating in which hybrid individuals differ in two traits that are coded by two different genes.
Pedigree A visual mapping of phenotypes using ancestral relationships.
Sex-linked Genes A gene that is only located on one of the two sex chromosomes.
Linked Genes Genes that are physically located near each other on the same chromosome.
Maternal Inheritance A type of inheritance in which the organelles in the offspring cells derive from those in the mother.
Paternal Inheritance A type of inheritance in which the organelles in the offspring cells derive from those in the father.
Phenotypic Plasticity The ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments.
Nondisjunction The failure of a chromosome to separate during anaphase of cell division.
Down Syndrome A condition in humans caused by an extra chromosome 21.
Turner Syndrome A condition in humans in which females have only one X chromosome.
Created by: DrStokes
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