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Bio103
Unit 10, 11: Study Guide
| Cell division allows for.... | -growth & repair (mitosis) -reproduction (meiosis) |
| mitosis | nuclear division that produces two nuclei identical to the parental nucleus (asexual) |
| meiosis | produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA (sexual) |
| What do prokaryotes (form of bacteria) contain? | 1 circular DNA molecule (which is larger than the cell) |
| What do eukaryotes contain? | multiple chromosomes that must be packed to fit in the nucleus (chromatin) |
| What positively charged histones associate with; what do they form? | positively charged histones associate with negatively charged DNA; forms structures called nucleosomes (occurs in eukaryotes) |
| What phase do cells spend most of their time in? | interphase |
| What are the phases of interphase? | 1. G1 phase- first gas phage 2. S phase- synthesis phase (duplication stage) 3. G2 phase- second gap phase |
| What does the M phase involve? | mitosis, miosis, and cytokinesis |
| What is the 1st stage of mitosis? | prophase (chromatin compacts, chromosomes are visible) |
| What happens during metaphase? | chromosomes line up on midplane |
| What phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated? | the S phase |
| What does sister chromatids contain? | identical DNA sequences |
| What is the restricted region in a chromatid called? | the centromere |
| During anaphase, what is responsible for the separation of chromosomes? | the mitotic spindle |
| What does actin and myosin filaments do in animal cells? | actin and myosin filaments form a contractile ring that contracts to create the cleavage furrow |
| How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? | cytokinesis occurs by forming a cell plate, a partition constructed in the equatorial region of the spindle and growing laterally toward the cell wall |
| What happens during sexual reproduction (meiosis)? | offspring receive genetic information from 2 parents and haploid gametes from the parents fuse to form a single diploid cell- called a zygote |
| phenotype | describes the physical appearance of an organism |
| genotype | refers to the genetic makeup |
| alleles are forms of.... | genes |
| locus | the position of a gene on a chromosome |
| What might mask the expression of a recessive allele | a dominate allele |
| test cross | a cross between an individual of unknown genetic composition and a homozygous recessive individual |
| dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals that differ with respect to their alleles at 2 loci |
| Segregation results from... | homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis |
| What determines the sex of animals? | the X and Y chromosomes |
| autosomes | other chromosomes in a given organism's genome that are not sex cells |
| What happens when a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes an ovum? | a X-Y (male) zygote is the result |
| What happens when a X-bearing sperm fertilizes an ovum? | a X-X (female) zygote is the result |
| Why are X-linked recessive traits more common in males? | because they have only 1 X chromosome |
| In genetic crosses involving incomplete dominance... | the genotypic and phenotypic ratios are identical, and the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype |
| Why is AB blood type an example of codominance? | because 2 phenotypes are being expressed by the heterozygote (ex. dogs coats) |
| polygenic inheritance | multiple independent pairs of genes have similar and addictive effects on a phenotype |
| norm of reaction | the range of phenotypic possibilities that can develop from a single genotype under different environmental conditions |
Created by:
lacim05
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