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Unit 1 AP Bio Review
chapter 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four classes of Macromolecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| What is a monomer? | a small organic molecule used for building blocks of polymers (lego pieces) |
| What is a Polymer? | substance made up of larger molecules (macromolecules) (lego house) |
| What is a dehydration/condensation rxn? | two molecules joined by removing a water |
| How are carbohydrates and proteins related to dehydration/condensation rxns? | built up and broken down via these types of rxns |
| what is a hydrolysis rxn? | reverse of condensation rxn. a larger molecules forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant |
| what are proteins? | large complex molecules required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs (folded chains of amino acids) |
| What are the functions of proteins? | enzymes, defense, storage, transport, hormones, receptors, movement, structure |
| what are enzymes? | selective accelerations of chemical rxns |
| What are the two functional groups of an animo acid? | amino and carboxyl |
| What are primary structures? | amino acids bonded by peptides |
| What are secondary structures? | 3-D shape by H-bonding : alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| What are tertiary structures? | bonding between side chains (R groups) of amino acids |
| What are quaternary structures? | 2+ polypeptides bonded together |
| what does a nucleotide make up? | DNA |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | phosphate, sugar, and nitrogeneous bases |
| How does DNA differ from RNA in a nucleotide? | DNA : deoxyribose RNA : ribose |
| What are the four nitrogeneous bases found in DNA? | Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) |
| What three structures do all cells have in common? | 1. cell membrane 2. nucleus 3. cytoplasm |
| Why don't cells grow very large? | maintain large surface to volume. they need large surface to perform chemical rxns |
| What is a nucleus? | control center of the cell, contains DNA |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provide structure to the nucleus |
| What is the nucleolus? | region where ribosomal subunits are formed |
| What is chromatin? | Complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes |
| What are chromosomes? | thread like structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell |
| What are Ribosomes? | F: protein synthesis |
| What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? | transport materials |
| What is the Golgi Apparatus? | synthesis and packaging of materials for transport in vesciles; produce lysosomes |
| What are the vacuoles? | storage of materials (food, water, minerals, poisons, pigments) |
| What are lysosomes? | "clean up crew" |
| What is the mitochondria? | powerhouse of cell, uses sugars -> chemical energy |
| What are chloroplasts? | site of photosynthesis, make sugar |
| What are two things that can cross the plasma membrane easily? | small molecules (polar & non polar) Hydrocarbons |
| What are two things that MUST pass through a channel protein? | water and ions (sodium, potassium, chloride) |
| What is an aquaporin? | channel protein that allows passage of water |
| What is osmosis? | diffusion of water |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | water leaving the cell |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | too much water entering the cell |
| what is an isotonic solution? | equal amounts of water entering/exiting |
| Does active transport require energy? | yes |
| Does passive transport require energy? | no |
| What is meant by "bulk transport"? | transport of proteins, polysaccharides, large molecules |
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