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Lab Exam #1
Review Sheet
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| History of Vaccines- Edward Jenner | Edward Jenner is known as the father of vaccines due to his significant contributions to the field of immunization. In the late 18th century, Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine, which marked the beginning of the history of vaccines |
| how a vaccine works | Identification of the pathogen, Isolation of the pathogen, Inactivation or weakening of the pathogen, Administration of the vaccine, Immune response and memory, and Protection against future infections,. |
| What is meant by Herd Immunity? | Herd immunity, also known as community immunity, occurs when a significant proportion of the population is immune to a particular infectious disease. |
| what percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity to work well | a vaccination coverage rate of 70% to 90% is considered necessary to achieve herd immunity |
| What is Dravet Syndrome? | a rare genetic disorder that causes severe seizures in infants and young children |
| Vaccine Risks | Side effects/adverse reactions, ingredients, and schedule. |
| Why my parents choose not to vaccinate? | Lack of information or access |
| w how to calculate the Total Magnification? | If the eyepiece magnification is 10x and the objective lens magnification is 40x, the total magnification would be 10 x 40 = 400x. |
| e most common magnification power of the ocular lens | 10x |
| scanning, low-power, high-power, and oil immersion | 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x |
| Which focus knob to use with the high power lenses? | Fine focus knob |
| Images are upside down and backwards when viewed through the microscope. | True or False |
| Nucleus | - The nucleus is the control center of the cell. - It contains the cell's genetic material, which is organized into structures called chromatin. - The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, regulating the passage of materials. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | - The RER is involved in protein synthesis and modification. - It has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance. - Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins that are destined for secretion or are membrane-bound. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | - The SER is involved in various functions such as lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage. - It lacks ribosomes and appears smooth under a microscope. - The SER synthesizes lipids, metabolizes drugs, and stores calcium ions. |
| Cytoplasm | - The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell. - It provides a medium for cellular activities to occur, such as metabolic reactions and organelle movement. |
| Golgi Apparatus | - The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport. - It receives vesicles from the ER and processes their contents before sending them to their final destinations |
| Lysosomes | - Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. - They play a role in recycling cellular components and cellular digestion. |
| Plasma Membrane | - The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell from its external environment. - It regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell and provides structural support |
| Cytoskeleton | - The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support, cell shape, and aids in cell movement. - It consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. |
| Human Cheek Cell | Obvious nuclei, cell membrane, and cytoplasm |
| Onion Cell | Nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, and vacuole |
| Diffusion | An example of diffusion is the spreading of a scent in a room, where the scent molecules move from an area of high concentration (where the source is) to an area of low concentration (other parts of the room). |
| Osmosis | An example of osmosis is when plant roots absorb water from the soil, where water moves from the soil (lower solute concentration) into the root cells (higher solute concentration). |
| Hypertonic | An example of a hypertonic environment is saltwater, where the concentration of salt is higher than in the cells of freshwater organisms. |
| Isotonic | An example of an isotonic solution is a balanced saline solution used in medical settings. |
| Hypotonic | freshwater, where the concentration of solutes is lower than in the cells of marine organisms. Be able to predict which way water will diffuse when a cell is exposed to a isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic environment. |
| Which will diffuse faster, a small molecule or particle vs a larger molecule of particle? | A small molecule |
| What is Osmosis? | Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. The goal of osmosis is to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane |
| What is the basic equation for cellular respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) |
| What organelle does cellular respiration take place in within eukaryotic cells? | Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria within eukaryotic cells. |
| Give the equation for cellular respiration | Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP |
| What does cellular respiration do? | Cellular respiration takes organic compounds and converts them to ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. |
| Steps in cellular respiration | The first step in cellular respiration is Glycolysis, the second step is the Krebs cycle, and the third step is the Electron Transport Chain. |
| Process of Glycolysis | Glycolysis takes a glucose and make 2 3C pyruvates, 2 ATP and 2 NADH. |
| 8. NADH and FADH2 go to the ... | electron transport chain. |
| 9. Energy from electrons is used to pump protons to the... | intermembrane space. |
| What happens in lactic acid fermentation? | Lactic acid fermentation is an anaerobic process that converts glucose into lactic acid |
| What happens in alcoholic fermentation? | Alcoholic fermentation is an anaerobic process that converts glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. |
Created by:
annabd
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