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BIO Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| Elements | any substance that cannot be reduced to any simpler set of constituent substances |
| Elements of life | carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. make up 96% of living matter. |
| Trace elements | Those required by an organism in minute quantities |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
| Neutrons | no electrical charge |
| Protons | positive charge |
| electrons | negative charge |
| Atomic number | # of protons |
| Mass number | # of protons+ neutrons |
| Energy | capacity to cause change or do work |
| Potential energy | energy that matter has because of its location or structure |
| electron shell | an electron's energy level, or state of potential energy |
| Valence electrons | those in the outermost shell |
| Valence shell | chemical behavior of an atom mostly determined by the valence electrons |
| Orbital | 3 dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
| chemical bonds | atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms |
| Covalent bond | sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Electronegativity | an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond as well as its own |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | atoms share the electrons equally |
| Polar covalent bond | one atom is more electronegative and results in unequal sharing |
| Ion | charged atom or molecule has gained or lost an electron |
| Cation | positively charged ion, lost and electron |
| Anion | negatively charged ion, gained an electron |
| Ionic bond | attraction between an anion and cation |
| Ionic compound | compounds formed by ionic bonds, many are salts |
| Hydrogen bonds | hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom |
| Van der waals interactions | attractions between molecules that are close together |
| Chemical reactions | the making and breaking of chemical bonds |
| Reactants | starting molecules of a chemical reaction |
| Products | final molecules of a chemical reaction |
| Chemical equilibrium | reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal |
| Importance of Water | biological medium on earth, most cells are surrounded by this. |
| 4 properties of water | cohesive behavior, adhesive, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent. |
| Cohesion | water molecules (co)hering to one another through hydrogen bonds |
| Adhesion | Water molecules (ad)hering to other substances via hydrogen bonds |
| surface tension | measure of how hard it is to break the surface due to cohesion |
| Water is a powerful temperature buffer because... | absorbs heat from warmer air, and release stored heat to cooler air |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion, energy doing work |
| heat | measure of total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion |
| Temperature | measures the amount of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules |
| calorie (cal) | measure of energy |
| Joule (J) | measure unit of energy |
| specific heat | amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost |
| Evaporation | transformation of a substance from liquid to gas |
| heat of vaporization | heat a liquid must absorb from 1 g to be converted to gas |
| Evaporative cooling | as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, highest kinetic energy molecules escape stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water |
| Solution | liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances |
| Solvent | dissolving agent of a solution |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved |
| aqueous solution | water is the solvent |
| Hydration shell | nonionic polar molecules can also be dissolved by water |
| hydrophilic | affinity for water, polar or ionic, readily to dissolve |
| hydrophobic | no affinity for water, difficult to dissolve, fats and oils nonpolar bonds |
| Mole | typical unit of measure for number of molecules |
| Molarity (M) | number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| Hydrogen ion (H+) | hydrogen atom leaves electron behind transferred as a proton |
| Hydronium ion (H3O+) | The molecule with the extra proton |
| Hydroxide ion (OH) | molecule that lost the proton |
| PH scale | describes whether a solution is acidic or basic |
| Acid | substate that increases H+ concentration of a solution |
| Base | substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution |
| Buffers | minimize H+ and OH- concentration changes, consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+ |
| Organic chemistry | study of compound that contain carbon |
| carbon | four valence electrons can form from covalent bonds |
| carbon chains | form the skeletons of most organic molecules vary in length and shape, linear, branched, rings |
| Hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
| Isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
| structural isomers | different covalent arrangements of their atoms |
| Geometric isomers | some covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements |
| Enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other |
| Seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life | Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, Methyl groups |
| Macromolecules | large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connect atoms, built from carbon backbone |
| Polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar subunits |
| Monomers | Building blocks of polymers |
| Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) | occurs when two monomers bond together through the creation and subsequent loss of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | process of breaking polymers down to monomers essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction |
| Proteins | coded in DNA, account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells |
| protein functions | structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances |
| Polypeptides | polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids |
| Protein | consist of one ore more polypeptides |
| Amino acids | organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups |
| Peptide bonds | covalent bond between C and N linking amino acids |
| Polypeptides | range in length from a few to more than a thousand monomers |
| Functional protein | consists of one ore more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape |
| Sequence of amino acids | determines a proteins three dimensional structure |
| Primary structure (protein structure) | sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure (protein structure) | initial folding |
| Tertiary structure (protein structure) | interactions among side chains (R groups) combinations of a-helices and b-sheets |
| Quaternary structure (protein structure) | protein consist of multiple polypeptide chains |
| Denaturation | loss of proteins native structure |
| Chaperonins | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
| Nucleic acids | store and transfer genetic information |
| Gene | unit of inheritance codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
| Two types of nucleic acids: | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| DNA | provides directions for its own replication, directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) controls protein synthesis |
| Polynucleotides | nucleic acid polymer |
| Nucleotide | monomers of a polynucleotide, a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine (c) thymine (t) and uracil (u) six membered ring |
| Purines | Adenine (a) and Guanine (g) six membered ring fused to a five membered ring |
| deoxyribose | sugar in DNA |
| Ribose | sugar in RNA |
| Double helix | 2 polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a DNA molecule. Nitrogenous bases bond with one another in the middle in complementary fashion. A-T, C-G |
| Antiparallel | 2 backbones run in opposite 5'-3' directions form each other in the DNA double helix |
| Carbohydrates | Polymers of simple sugar monomers |
| Monosaccharides | typically glucose, major fuel for cells, |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides, joined by dehydration synthesis |
| Glycosidic linkage | covalent bond between 1C of one monosaccharide and O on 4C next monosaccharide |
| Polysaccharides | polymers of sugar, storage and structural roles |
| Starch | storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of entirely glucose monomers |
| Glycogen | storage polysaccharide in animals |
| Cellulose | polysaccharide, major component of plant cell walls |
| a glucose | polymers are helical ex. starch, glycogen |
| B glucose | polymers are straight ex. cellulose, chitin |
| Chitin | structural polysaccharide, exoskeleton of arthropods, structural support for the cell walls of many fungi |
| Lipids | only macromolecules that do not form polymers, hydrophobic, consist mostly of hydrocarbons, nonpolar covalent bonds |
| fats | constructed form 2 types of smaller molecules glycerol, fatty acids |
| Glycerol | 3-carbon alcohol w/ a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon |
| fatty acid | a carboxyl group, attached to a long carbon skeleton |
| Triacylglycerol | 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages |
| saturated fatty acids | maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible no double bonds . Fats made from saturated fatty acids. Solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | one ore more double bonds. Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids. liquid at room temperature |
| Phospholipid | 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol |
| Amphipathic | a molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| Steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| Cholesterol | important steroid precursor component in animal cell membranes |
Created by:
Elle_E
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