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bio test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell/plasma membrane | helps maintain homeostasis, forms a boundary to seperate the aqueous environment of the cell from surroundings, enables cell to communicate with other cells, identify itself, and share info, it is semi permeable |
| semi permeable | regulates what may enter/exit the cell |
| what is a cell membrane made of | phospholipid bilayer (2 layers of lipids with embedded proteins and attached carbohydrates, all of which play a role in cell function) |
| phospholipid bilayer description | lipids are oriented so their polar, hydrophilic "heads" are on the inner and outer part of the cell membrane, |
| what molecules can cross cell membrane | small and nonpolar |
| SATURATED TAILS | STICK TOGETHER AND MAKE THE MEMBRANE LESS FLEXIBLE AT LOWER TEMP |
| UNSATURATED TAILS | HARDER TO STICK TOGETHER AND ALLOW MORE FLEXIBILITY AT LOWER TEMP |
| proteins | FUNCTION AS ATTACHMENT SITES FOR MOLECULES IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID, and FORM CHANNELS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE THROUGH WHICH SUBSTANCES MAY PASS |
| carbohydrates | FUNCTION AS CHEMICAL MARKERS, and ATTACHMENT SITES, OR CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS |
| cholesterol | STABILIZES MEMBRANE AT LOW TEMPS, PREVENTS LIPIDS FROM PACKING TOGETHER |
| glycoproteins | PROTEINS PLUS A CARBOHYDRATE CHAIN, ACT AS “IDENTIFIERS” |
| glycolipids | CARBOHYDRATE PLUS PHOSPHOLIPID, ACT AS “IDENTIFIERS” |
| WHY IS ARRANGEMENT/ POSITION OF PROTEINS, LIPIDS & CARBS ALWAYS CHANGING | DUE TO THE EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS THE CELLS ARE EXPOSED TO AND THE DEMANDS PLACED UPON THEM |
| cell membrane nickname | FLUID MOSAIC MODEL |
| passive transport | no energy required, move with conc. gradient (high to low), diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| diffusion | MOVEMENT OF A SUBSTANCE FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION |
| DIFFUSION EVENTUALLY LEADS TO | EQUILIBRIUM – EQUAL CONC. OF A SUBSTANCE THROUGHOUT A SPACE |
| IF A SUBSTANCE CAN MOVE ACROSS A MEMBRANE, THE MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE | PERMEABLE TO THAT SUBSTANCE |
| PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES DEPENDS ON | SIZE OF THE MOLECULES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MOLECULES THAT “WANT” TO DIFFUSE & THE CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF THE MEMBRANE pH PRESSURE |
| osmosis | DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE SUCH AS THE CELL MEMBRANE (USUALLY THROUGH THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER) |
| DIRECTION THAT WATER MOVES DEPENDS ON 2 THINGS (in osmosis) | THE CONC. OF WATER & SOLUTES INSIDE THE CELL COMPARED TO THE CONC. OF WATER & SOLUTES OUTSIDE THE CELL |
| AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS | - where water is the solvent |
| HYPERTONIC | HIGH SOLUTES, LOW H2O COMPARED TO ANOTHER AREA |
| hypotonic | LOW SOLUTES, HIGH H2O COMPARED TO ANOTHER AREA |
| isotonic | EQUAL CONC. OF SOLUTES & H2O COMPARED TO ANOTHER AREA |
| A FRESHWATER FISH IS PUT INTO SALTWATER - WATER GOES OUT OF THE CELLS AND THE CELLS SHRIVEL | plasmolysis |
| A SALTWATER FISH IS PUT INTO FRESHWATER - WATER MOVES INTO THE CELL AND THE CELLS EXPLODE | cytolysis |
| MANY AQUATIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS ARE HYPERTONIC RELATIVE TO THEIR HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENTS BUT THEY DON’T UNDERGO CYTOLYSIS BC THEY HAVE AN | OSMOREGULATING (WATER REGULATING) ORGANELLE CALLED A CONTRACTILE VACUOLE (WATER PUMP) |
| ROLE OF OSMOSIS IN PLANTS | DIFFUSION OF WATER IN PLANT CELLS CREATES TURGOR PRESSURE (WATER PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE CELL WALL & MEMBRANE) USEFUL IN FLOWERING, PLANT RIGIDITY, & SEED “SHOOTING” |
| A PLANT WITH HIGH TURGOR PRESSURE WILL BE IN | HYPOTONIC SOIL |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION "ASSISTED DIFFUSION" | USES CARRIER PROTEINS THAT GRAB MOLECULES THAT R EITHER TOO BIG 2 DIFFUSE QUICKLY ENOUGH ON THEY OWN OR FOR MOLECULES OTHER THAN IONS WHICH ARE INSOLUBLE IN CELL MEMBRANE & SPEEDS THEY DIFFUSION (PROTEIN CHANGE SHAPE TO MOVE MOLECULE ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE) |
| ION CHANNELS | PROTEIN CONTROLLED PASSAGES IN CELL MEMBRANE FOR THE TRANSPORT OF IONS WHICH ARE INSOLUBLE (BECAUSE OF THEIR CHARGE, THEY CAN’T GET PAST THE HYDROPHOBIC TAILS) IN THE LIPID BILAYER (THE PROTEIN DOESNT CHANGE SHAPE JUST FORM A TUNNEL THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE |
| ion channel open/close | some r always open, some open and close "gated" due to stimuli like CHEMICALS IN THE CYTOSOL, STRETCHING OF CELL MEMBRANE, and ELECTRICAL SIGNALS |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT ARE PROCESSES THAT | 1. MOVE SUBSTANCES UP OR AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT – FROM LOW TO HIGH 2. REQUIRES CELLS TO EXPEND ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP |
| what do the carrier proteins do in "protein pump" active transport (first step) | GRAB 3 SODIUM IONS (NA+) FROM INSIDE THE CELL AND RELEASE THEM OUTSIDE |
| second step in "protein pump" active transport | THE SAME CARRIER PROTEIN THEN HAS ITS SHAPE CHANGED BY ATP SO IT CAN “GRAB” 2 POTASSIUM IONS (K+) FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL & BRING THEM IN – THIS GENERATES A (+) CHARGE OUTSIDE THE CELL AND A (–) CHARGE INSIDE THE CELL |
| third step in "protein pump" active transport | THIS ELECTRICAL GRADIENT OR DIFFERENCE CAUSES MUSCLES TO CONTRACT & TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES *USES OVER 1/3 OF THE ENERGY WE EXPEND AT REST! |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS IMPORT SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE IN POUCHES CALLED VESICLES (A MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLE) |
| 2 TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS | PINOCYTOSIS and PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| PINOCYTOSIS | “CELL DRINKING”– WHEN CELLS IMPORT SOLUTES OR FLUIDS IN VESICLES |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | “CELL EATING”– WHEN CELLS IMPORT SOLIDS OR EVEN ENTIRE CELLS IN VESICLES EX. AMOEBA FEED THIS WAY, PHAGOCYTE DESTRUCTION OF BACTERIA |
| EXOCYTOSIS | WHEN CELLS EXPORT SUBSTANCES IN VESICLES EX. PROTEINS PRODUCED BY RIBOSOMES & PACKAGED BY THE GOLGI APPARATUS ARE EXPORTED THIS WAY |
| what set of molecules is in cell membranes | phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol |
| intergral proteins with carbohydrates attached that stick out on the exterior surface of cell membrane help recognize "self" | glycoproteins |
Created by:
katescool
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