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microbiology 2

definitions

TermDefinition
cytoplasm contains organelles (dissolved nutrients, salts, structures), where most chemical reactions occur
nucleus contains genetic material (DNA), controls cells activities
cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
mitochondria organelles that contain enzymes for respiration, where most energy is released during respiration
ribosomes tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs
chloroplast contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis
cell wall protection, made of cellulose
permanent vacuole cell sap to keep cell swollen, storage area
chromosomal DNA DNA of bacterial cells found loose in cytoplasm, not contained within nucleus
plasmid DNA move from one bacterium to another, closed circles of DNA called plasmids in cytoplasm
cell theory cell is the smallest form of life, basic unit for all living organisms
eukaryotic membrane bound cell organelles, has nucleus
prokaryotic no membrane bound cell organelles, no nucleus
glycocalyx matrix that surrounds cells, contains polysaccharides cell to cell communication, binding of cells to extracellular matrix, protects from pathogens
pathogenicity the ability of an organism to cause disease
archaea does NOT contain peptidoglycan contains pseudopeptidoglycan
algaea contains cellulose, glycoproteins
fungi contains cellulose, chitin, glucosamine
plant cells contains cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
bacterial cell wall cross linking peptidoglycans, hexose sugars cross linked with short peptides
gram+ cell wall thick, small periplasmic space contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acid easily treated exotoxins
gram- cell wall thin, large periplasmic space more complex outer membrane that provides cover harder to treat exo and endotoxins anchored to lipoprotein molecules of peptidoglycan layer
surface appendages of prokaryotes pili rigid and shorter than flagella composed of protein (pilin) adhesion, twitching, conjugation
surface appendages of eukaryotes microvilli membrane extension absorption/secretion/adhesion/motility
surface appendages of eukaryotes cilia structurally identical to flagella BUT shorter in movement on surface, move fluid over surface
filament contains... flagellin (protein subunits)
located at the end of filament hook
the body to which the hook is anchored basal body
basal body consists of... one rod, two pairs of discs
monotrichous single polar structure at end of bacterium
lophotrichous flagella in tufts at one or both ends
amphitrichous single polar structure at both ends
peritrichous flagella distributed over surface of bacterium
bacterial mobility moves CW or CCW runs (swims) or tumbles
taxis movement away or towards stimulus
biofilms collection of surface associated microbes enclosed by polysaccharide matrix also includes non cellular material grows through cell division and recruitment
chloroplasts founds in plants and algae contains chlorophyll + enzymes
stroma contains small circular DNA
photosynthesis converting sun energy into chemical energy 6CO2 + 12H2O + LIGHT ENERGY -> GLUCOSE + 6O2 + 6H2O
vacuoles membrane bound storage
monolayer storage gas inclusions allow bacteria to float
ribosomes of eukaryotes 80s
ribosomes of prokaryotes 70s
passive transport no cellular energy brownian movement
active transport requires cellular energy against concentration gradient
diffusion movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration until molecules are evenly distributed
facilitated diffusion carrier mediated, specific and competitive with concentration gradient
osmosis diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane with concentration gradient
filtration movement of molecules through membrane along gradient driving force is hydrostatic pressure or gravity
pump transport required hydrolysis of ATP carriers are transmembrane proteins carry ions or molecules to other side of membrane
endocytosis bulk transport, extracellular material brought into the cell
phagocytosis cell eating
pinocytosis cell drinking
exocytosis large molecules (polypeptides, proteins, ect.) excreted from the cell
CARBON SOURCE autotrophs biosynthesize all cell material from CO2
CARBON SOURCE heterotrophs biosynthesize all cell material from complex organic substances
ENERGY SOURCE phototroph light as source of energy
ENERGY SOURCE lithotroph oxidation of minerals as source of energy
ENERGY SOURCE organotroph metabolism of organic compounds from complex to smaller as source of energy
aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen
steps of aerobic cellular respiration glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> electron transport chain
anaerobic cellular respiration doesn't require oxygen
steps of anaerobic cellular respiration glycolysis -> fermentation
replication prokaryote replication in cytoplasm
replication eukaryote replication in nucleus
transcription prokaryote transcription in cytoplasm
transcription eukaryote transcription in nucleus
what is translation? mRNA into amino acids via transfer rRNA
translation prokaryote translation in cytoplasm
translation eukaryote translation in cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum
DNA replication cell makes an identical copy of its DNA at beginning of every cell division (S phase)
bacteria DNA ? circular DNA, one chromosome
eukaryotes DNA ? multiple chromosomes
transcription from DNA to RNA
codon every 3 nucleotide bases codes for specific amino acid
promoter beginning sequence of transcription
terminator ending of transcription
translation mRNA directs addition of amino acids during synthesis
initiation tRNA brings first amino acid in polypeptide chain to bind to start codon on mRNA AUG start codon
elongation tRNA brings amino acids one by one to add to polypeptide chain
termination release factor recognizes stop codon UAG stop codon
tRNA cloverleaf structure anticodon on one end, correlation amino acid on other binds to codon on mRNA
binary fission form of asexual reproduction single cell separates into identical daughter cells, each with identical copy of parental DNA
Where are anticodons? In the tRNA
What are the domains of life? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Created by: yabbadabbadoo
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