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Exam 3 Bailey Review
Claire Bailey Micro Exam 3 FCCJ
| test 3-word or question | test 3-answer or comment |
|---|---|
| Anabolism | A metabolic process whereby energy is consumed to synthesize or combine simpler substances, such as amino acids, into more complex organic compounds such as enzymes and nucleic acids |
| Anti-Codon | A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome. |
| Catabolism | The breakdown of complex things to yield energy |
| Catalase | A red crystalline enzyme that consists of a protein complex with hematin groups and catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. |
| Chromosome | One of the linear or sometimes circular DNA-containing bodies of viruses, prokaryotic organisms, and the cell nucleus of eukaryotic organisms that contain most or all of the genes of the individual. |
| Codon | A specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis. |
| Complementary Base Pairing | A pair of bases in which the identity of one base defines the identity of its partner base |
| Cytochrome or Respiratory Chain | Any of several intracellular hemoprotein respiratory pigments that are enzymes functioning in electron transport as carriers of electrons. |
| Cytochrome Oxidase | Cytochrome oxidase is one of a superfamily of proteins, which act as the terminal enzymes of respiratory chains. |
| Dehydrogenase | An enzyme that accelerates the removal of hydrogen from metabolites and its transfer to other substances |
| Electron Transport System | The system whereby hydrogen and electrons combine with oxygen to form water which involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, in which the electrons and hydrogen are transferred from one chemical to another to another. |
| Endergonic Reactions | A reaction that requires energy such as heat to form chemical bonds. |
| Energy of Activation | The energy that must be supplied to cause two molecules to react with one another |
| Entropy | the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system. |
| Exergonic Reactions | A reaction that gives off heat energy |
| FAD(coenzyme) | flavin adenine dinucleotide:A coenzyme of some flavoproteins. Coenzyme synthesized from riboflavin. FAD acts as an electron carrier in energy metabolism. |
| Fermentation | An enzymatic ally controlled anaerobic breakdown of an energy-rich compound (as a carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and alcohol or to an organic acid) |
| Gene | A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA |
| Glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy associated with motion. |
| Aerobic Respiration | The release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. |
| Krebs Cycle | A sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP). |
| Metabolic Pathway | A sequence of enzymatic steps:A list of the independent reactions that occur in a cell. |
| Metabolism | The sum of the biochemical reactions that take place within a living organism |
| MRNA | An RNA produced by transcription that carries the code for a particular protein from the nuclear DNA to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and acts as a template for the formation of that protein. |
| NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-A coenzyme of numerous dehydrogenases that occurs in most cells and plays an important role in all phases of intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for various metabolism. |
| Nonsense Codon | One of the mRNA sequences (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signals the termination of translation |
| Oxidation | The removal of an electron from a molecule or atom. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, the gain of oxygen, the loss of hydrogen and the loss of energy. |
| Oxidative – Level Phosphorylation | The process whereby ATP is made as a result of protons passing through an ATP synthase |
| Phosphorylase | Any of the enzymes that catalyze phosphorolysis with the formation of organic phosphates. |
| Photosynthesis | Synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; |
| Reduction | The gain of an electron by a molecule or an atom. Reduction is a gain of electrons, loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, gain of energy. Reduction is endothermic. |
| Replication | DNA synthesis. The process of copying. |
| Respiration | The physical and chemical processes by which an organism supplies its cells and tissues with the oxygen needed for metabolism and relieves them of the carbon dioxide formed in energy-producing reactions |
| Substrate – Level Phosphorylation | The production of ATP by removing a phosphate from a substrate (cellular molecule) and adding to ADP. |
| Template | A molecule (as of DNA) that serves as a pattern for the generation of another macromolecule (as messenger RNA). |
| Transcription | The process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA. |
| Translation | The process of forming a protein molecule at a ribosomal site of protein synthesis from information contained in messenger RNA |
| tRNA | A relatively small RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation |
| 1. Explain metabolism as a total process of anabolism and catabolism | Metabolism - - the sum total of all the chemical reactions in the cells of an organism.Anabolism -the sum total of all the building-up reactions, Catabolism-the sum total of all the breaking down reactions. Catabolic pathways produce energy. |
| Explain the effect of enzymes in the process of lowering the energy of activation of a reaction. | Energy of Activation - The energy that must be supplied to cause two molecules to react with one another. A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of energy necessary to activate a chemical reaction |
| 3. Explain the role of ATP in metabolism. | Metabolism is balance of catabolism and anabolism coupled by ATP. ATP generation uses some energy released by redox reactions. |
| 4. Explain the electron transport system | During glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, reduced NADH+H and FADH2 are formed. These reduced forms of coenzymes uses its stored energy to make ATP via the oxidative phosphorylation process. The hydrogen and electrons combine with oxygen to form water. Thi |
| Explain glycolysis | Glycosis is a series of reactions that begins the metabolism of glucose in all cells and produces the three-carbon product pyruvate. A small amount of the energy stored in the glucose is released in usable form. |
| Glycolysis RECAP | Goal: to break down glucose to 2 pyruvates; occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell; Produces 4 ATPs and 2 NADH but uses 2 ATPs in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. |
| Explain fermentation | Process by which the living cell is able to obtain energy through the breakdown of glucose and other simple sugar molecules without requiring oxygen. |
| 7. Explain the Krebs Cycle | Pyruvate enters the mitochondria (goes into the matrix) via a transport protein (would this be an integral membrane protein or a peripheral membrane protein:Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA (transition reaction between glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle |
| 8. Explain the alternative electron acceptors process in facultative anaerobic organisms. | As a facultative aerobe E. coli has the capability to switch its metabolism in anoxic conditions to anaerobic respiration using an alternative terminal electron acceptor such as nitrate. The organism can then still use the electron transport system (ETS). |
| 9. Compare aerobic, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms according to their mode of ATP production. | AEROBIC-living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen;ANAEROBIC-living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen;facultative anaerobes-can use oxygen when it is present. |
| Explain DNA replication in bacteria. | DNA is replicated by uncoiling of the helix, strand separation by breaking of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands, and synthesis of two new strands by complementary base pairing. Replication begins at a specific site in the DNA called the |
| Explain protein synthesis beginning with DNA, including transcription and translation. | Transcription:In the first step of protein synthesis,the 2 DNA strands in a gene that codes for a protein unzip from each other. Translation: After the mRNA is manufactured,it leaves the cell nucleus and travels to a cellular organelle called the ribsome |
| Explain the genetic code | The genetic code is a set of rules that maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell, and is employed in the process of protein synthesis. |
| Explain the use of the “nonsense” codons. | A codon for which no normal tRNA molecule exists |
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