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Exam 4 Bailey Review
Claire Bailey Micro Exam 4 FCCJ
| test 4-word or question | test 4-answer or comment |
|---|---|
| Infection | invasion of the body by a pathogenic microbe. |
| Infestation | presence of animal parasites in or on the body ex: lice |
| Parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed, lives at the expense of another |
| Commensalism | relationship where no one benefits; no harm, no benefit to the host |
| Mutualism | relationship that benefit both organisms |
| Pathogen | an agent capable of producing disease |
| Virulence | the degree of disease producing ability; degree of pathogenicity; relative to the susceptibility of the host |
| Resistance | ability to fight off infection; the lack of microbial susceptibility to an antimicrobial agent |
| Susceptibility | lack of resistance |
| Toxin | poisonous substance |
| Endotoxin | part of the cell wall of organism, LPS portion on the surface of Gram negative bacterial released in cell death |
| Exotoxin | excreted by the organism and are proteins |
| Epidemiology | the study of the frequency and distribution of disease |
| Haluronidase | breaks down hyaluronic acid which is cement of tissues |
| Pyrogenic | heat or fever producing endotoxin |
| Pyogenic | pus producing endotoxin |
| Collagenase | breaks down collagen and gelatin; allows organisms to invade tissues |
| Coagulase | Staph Aureus, coagulate serum, protective coat, prevents phagocytosis, can cause blood clots |
| Leucocidin | kills leucocytes; a bacterial substance that destroys WBCs; phagocytosis |
| Hemolysin | lyses blood cells |
| Capsule | nontoxic polysaccharide or polypeptide surrounding a microbe; prevents phagocytosis |
| Infective Dose | # of organisms required to cause disease |
| Portal of Entry | The route most disease producing organisms must use to enter the body in order to take a specific route to cause infection. Ex. Mouth, Respiratory, Urogential tract |
| Epidemic | wide spread infection in a community |
| Endemic | low number of infection in community |
| Pandemic | world wide infection; handled by CDC (Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA) and WHO (World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland) |
| Normal Flora | bacteria that in perfect balance in the body |
| Transient Flora | may be part of normal flora or not and only lives for short periods of time. Normally on the skin, eyes, stomach, intestines |
| Disease | infection that causes noticeable impairment; any departure from normal body functions |
| Attenuated Strain | A organism that has been treated to not cause disease even though it is alive |
| Communicability | The passage of disease from one person to another; leads to an epidemic |
| Immunity | resistance to particular infection; being able to resist a particular disease |
| Interferon | inhibits viral replication |
| Gammaglobulin | another name for an antibody; protein fraction of blood rich in antibodies |
| Immunoglobulin | another name for antibody; plays an impo role in the body's immune system; have 5 classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
| PMN leukocytes | neutrophil- a highly phagocytic granulocyte; BKA human polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| Antitoxin | antibody that neutralizes a toxin (is specific) |
| RES | the reticuloedothelial system that includes the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, and tonsils |
| Anamnestic Response | memory response of immunity, the theory behind vaccinations and immunizations |
| Agammaglobulinemina | inability to produce gammaglobulins esp IgG, is a genetic trait |
| Immunosuppressive drugs | a drug that suppresses or lowers the body's normal immunne response to a foreign body. ex- organ rejection |
| Allergy | abnormally high sensitivity to things that causes a body reaction |
| Anaphylaxis | systemic hypersensitivity reaction esp. in animals |
| Lupus Erythromatosus | Any of several connective tissue disorders, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, that primarily affect women of childbearing age, have a variety of clinical forms, and are characterized by red scaly skin lesions. |
| Opportunist | a pathogen that is able to produce disease only in an impaired host; the potential or possibility of an infection |
| Genotype | properties possessed-genes-born with |
| Phenotype | characteristics expressed-what you see-hair color |
| Modification | change in phenotype caused by environment |
| Mutation | permanent change in genotype |
| Substitution | One codon is translated wrong with a different codon. |
| Addition | the process of adding an additional codon to the DNA mapping. Everything from the point of addition will be inccorect. |
| Deletion | removal of codon frm the DNA mapping. |
| Transformation | When the original DNA properties is overshadowed by new DNA properties and those characteristics are expressed; S III to R II to S II |
| Transforming Principle | not knowing what DNA is being transfered from one bacteria to another (Avery) |
| Conjugation | male-female transfer of DNA through sex pili/episome, the female now becomes male. May aid in drug resistance |
| F Factor | Fertility factor- F+=male F-= Female male transfer chromosomal dna to female and changes the female into male |
| Episome | A genetic material of certain cells, especially bacterial cells, that can exist either autonomously in the cytoplasm or as part of a chromosome |
| Hfr | "Hfr" (which refers to "high frequency recombination") state describes the situation when the factor has integrated itself into the chromosome presumably due to its various insertion sequences. |
| Genetic Mapping | A graphic representation of the arrangement of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome; the first step in isolating a gene |
| Transduction | Virus transmitting genetic material from one bacteria to another |
| Vector | an insect that transmits disease |
| Plasmids | A circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA found in bacteria |
| Carcinogenic | cancer causing agent, can be a mutagen |
| Mutagen | a substance that tends to increase the frequency or extent change/mutation |
| 3 Lines of defense of Infection | Mechanical Phagocytosis Antibodies Humoral and cell mediated |
| factors of mechanical defense against infection | 1)Physical covering of skin 2)Mucuos Membranes (lungs goes up), urogenitals (goes down) 3)Lysozyme 4)Noral Flora 5)Acidity of the stomach 6)Inflammatory response |
| Characteristics of antibodies | Antibodies response to the presence of an antigen and is able to combine specifically with the antigen. |
| Characteristics of Antigens | Antigens are a subtance that can incite the production of a specific antibodies and combine with those anitbodies. |
| 2 Types of Hypersensitivity | 1 immediate-due to humoral IgE antibodies can be transferred through blood 2 delayed-6< cellular sensitized lymphocytes |
| Chain of events for a inflammatory response | Tissue damage releases enzymes which leads to histamine.Histames:caues blood vessels dilation , redness and elevated temp. Increased permeability of the vessels& loss of fluid to the vascular system into the tissue cause swelling&pain.Clotting occurs |
| The list of parts of the body comprising the RES | Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, tonsils |
| Difference between genotype and Phenotype | Genotype - possessed ( permanent can only be change by mutation ) blood type Phenotype - expressed- can be change by modification ( hair color) |
| Compare Lytic phage and Prophage | Prophage-initial virus. Prophage begins via the lytic cycle which is the virus attacks the cell, viral nuclei acid enters the cell, replicates, chromosome breaks down, capsids and tail fibers are formed, assembly occurs, cell lyses. |
| The Main Immunizing Agents | Diptheria(toxid) ,Tetanus(toxid)Pertussis(kill bactira)(DPT) Rubeola ,Rubella ,Mumps (MMR)(vaccine)attenuated virus.Bacille Calmette Guerin(BCG) attenuated Bacteria. Polio (orally) Influenza, Varucella(attenuated virus), Hepavac( virus) |
| Difference in Natural and Acquired immunity. | Natural Species- will not cross species. Individual (general health,heredity,nutrition) Racial ( continous association)Acquired (Naturally)Passive-placenta, mother's milk (temporary).Active- active disease.Arificially (Passive- serum Active-vaccine. |
| IgA | secretes saliva milk tears; short lifespan |
| IgE | antibodies resp 4 allergies; hereditary; bad antibodies |
| IgD | unknown function "I Don't Know" |
| IgM | largest of antibodies; BKA ABO antibody; bloodtype |
| IgG | most imp-main antib 4 bacteria & virus - Can B passed thru placenta; antib 2 Rh factor;monospecifice and bivalent |
| Distinguish between free, wandering and fixed phagocytes | free-circulates IN the blood; wandering-migrates THROUGH the tissues to the infected area; fixed-are IN the RES (spleen, liver, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow) and also the lungs. |
| Compare F+ F- and Hfr bacteria | F+ is male small circular DNA resp for fertility genes; F- is female; Hfr is formed when the F factor integrates into the bacterial chromosome. Hfr can conjugate with F- but the outcome will be completely different. Hfr-high frequency recombination. |
| Bacteremia | bacteria (infection) in the blood |
| Carrier | person harboring an infectious agent but showing no signs of disease |
| Types of Diseases | Clinical (overt-severe symptoms) and Subclinical (not severe) |
| Etiology | the cause of disease |
| Nosocomial disease | a hospital acquired disease |
| Fomite | inanimate object that transmits disease |
| Idiopathic disease | an undetermined cause |
| Types of Infections | acute-rapid onset, short-term; chronic-long term subclinical; latent-is acute then chronic then acute again. |
| Local infection | an infection that is limited to a particular area |
| Morbidity | an illness that occurs in a geographic area or population; incident rate |
| Mortality | deaths that occur in a geographic area |
| Parasite | organism that benefits one while harming the other |
| Pathogenic | disease causing |
| Pathogenicity | the ability of a microbe to cause disease; relative to the susceptibility of the host |
| Predisposing factors | age, nutrition, fatigue, life style, emotions |
| Primary infection | the first infection |
| Secondary infection | the second infection that is a result of the first infection |
| Name the type of portal of entries | Mouth-typhoid, dysentery; Resiratory-throat; Urogenital-organs |
| What determines the extent of pathogenicity? | the potency of the toxin and the ability to produce a toxin |
| Compare the difference between endotoxin and exotoxin | Exo-excreted by the cells, Endo-a part of the cell; Exo-loses toxicity when heated, Endo releases toxins when the cell lyses; Exo-produces staph aureus, Endo-Gram negative microbe |
| Which lasts longer: active immunity or passive immunity? | Active immunity |
| Is being stuck by a needle natural or artificial immunity? | Artificial immunity |
Created by:
cafe Latte
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