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APES unit 2A

QuestionAnswer
layers of the earth core mantle crust
oceanic crust basaltic rock dense thin young less buoyant floats lower
continental crust granitic rock less dense thick older more buoyant floats higher
aesthenosphere middle mantle magma melting rock
lithosphere crust + upper mantle tectonic plates
core layers inner outer
mantle layers lower mantle upper mantle
continental drift continents slowly moving, fit like puzzle pieces.
pangaea one big continent
methods of surveying ocean floor echo-sounding magnometers
ocean topography ocean ridges and deep sea trenches earthquakes + volcanoes
seafloor spreading formed at ridges, new magma bubbles to form new crust
magma molten rock
plate boundaries divergent, convergent, and transform interaction between plates
divergent oceanic boundaries forms rift valley paired ridges seafloor spreading -> rift valley and new crust volcanic activity hydrothermal vents earthquakes e.g. mid atlantic oceanic ridge, south pacific
divergent continental boundaries paired reidges rift valley -> no new crust, just stretching earthquakes little volcanic activity, more lakes e.g. red sea, central east africa
convergent oceanic boundaries volcanic island arc underwater volcanoes e.g. Aleutian, Marianas, Japan
convergent continental boundaries mountain ranges (non volcanic) earthquakes e.g. himilayans
convergent oceanic-continental boundaries volcanic mountains 100 miles inland subduction (oceanic plate more dense goes under) trenches earthquakes e.g. andes, PNW
transform boundaries plates moving against each other deformed crust, long faults earthquakes e.g. san andreas fault
mantle convection movement of heated matter density changes drives late movements hot up cold down up causes divergent, down causes convergent
push/pulls of ridges/slabs push ridges up pull slabs intro trenches
subduction more dense plate goes under the less dense one makes trenches and volcanic activity
proof of continental drift puzzle pieces matching rocks matching fossils climate evidence
volcanoes quiescent vs. explosive hawaii v. st helen lava - smooth or chunky releases gases and pyroclastic materials, ejecta pyroclastic and lahar flows ring of fire hotspots magma moves thru fissure
earthquakes crust suddenly fractures, shifts to relieve stress, releases energy through shock waves magnitude measured in the Richter scale (10^) aftershocks + foreshocks causes shaking + movement 2ndary effects rock slides, fires, floods
tsunamis huge waves causes by underwater earthquake -> part of ocean floor suddenly drops/rises approaches coast waves get tall and closer other causes: volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, terrestrial landslides, ET objects in ocean
hydrothermal vents cracks in oceanic lithosphere, h2o heats as steam and minerals div. + conv. boundaries, hotspots chemosynthesis - minerals not light
rock cycle
igneous rocks made directly from magma basaltic/granitic(more permeable), both fertile intrusive - formed in the earth extrusive - from when magma comes onto surface
sedimentary rocks composed of sediments long period of time fossil record
metamorphic rocks formed under high pressure
layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere) naturally occurring greenhouse gasses & why they trap heat (and what heat are they trapping) greenhouse effect ozone layer tropopause
uneven solar distribution angle surface area amount of refletion
earth's tilt 23.5 degrees causes seasons
air currents move air, moisture affect temp.
qualities of air circulation density saturation point pressure change circulation of heat
convection cells hadley, ferrell, polar generalized resulting climate patterns at different latitudes (0, 30, 60, 90) ITCZ
convection cycles
coriolis effect earth's rotation deflects objects
rain shadows region with dry conditions on leeward side of mntn, precipitation on windward side
convection transfer of hear in fluid (gas or liquid)
buoyancy object's ability to float in fluid
prevailing winds carry weather cause ocean surfaces currents
doldrums where two winds meet, potential dead zone
gyres circular currents
weather short term atmospheric conditions
climate patterns of weather over 30 yrs
front boundary between 2 masses of different temperature + pressure
jet streams powerful winds on top of the troposphere, follow paths
El Niño/ENSO reversal of normal ocean current patterns in pacific ocean. stops upwelling and cooler conditions, causes droughts and flooding.
La Niña reverse of El Niño, brings back upwelling and cooler patterns
Tornadoes funnel clouds that form over land large dry cold front from Mexico, vertical convection
Tropical Cyclones low pressure cells over warm tropical seas hurricanes in atlantic, typhoons in pacific
urban heat island effect more heat absorbed in urban areas bc of surfaces with low albedo and less tree cover
thermohaline circulation downwelling - polar regions, brings oxygen to deep ocean, causes deep water currents
upwelling cold water coming from deep, brings nutrients
electromagnetic radiation: UV vs. visible light vs. infrared radiation
specific hear capacity how much heat something can hold and how fast it loses it
insolation incoming solar radiation
aerosols particulates or liquid drops suspended in liquid or gas
albedo how much sun is reflected back
adiabatic cooling less pressure, air moving up, cooling
adiabatic heating more pressure, air moving down, warming
saturation point high temp high water vapor, low temp, rain
latent heat release water condenses and releases heat during heat circulation
mitigation of tectonic events mapping fault zones evacuation plans reinforcing buildings buoys, coral reefs, mangroves for tsunamis
Created by: sarahm-m
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