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Kandina Orallo
A&P Midterm Stack "Weeks 1-7"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The skeletal cartilage has no nerves or blood vessels, is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium |
| Name the three types of skeletal cartilages | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilages |
| Name the cartilages that cover the ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilage |
| What are the most abundant skeletal cartilages that provide flexibility? | Hyaline cartilage |
| Where is the fibrocartilages located? | Knee and vertebrae disc |
| Cartilage has a ___ ____ which can accommodate mitosis | flexible matrix |
| Cartilage grows in two ways | Appositional and Interstitial growth |
| "growth from outside" | appositional growth |
| "growth from inside" | interstitial growth |
| Calcium salts in the matrix can harden is a process called | calcification |
| Typically, cartilage growth stop during what stage | adolescence |
| 206 bones in the human body divided into two groups: | axial and appendicular skeleton |
| Long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) | axial skeleton |
| Name the skeleton that consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that is connected to the axial skeleton | appendicular skeleton |
| Name the bone that have a shaft and two ends, and has all limb bones except patella, wrists, and ankle bones Long bones | Long bones |
| Wrist and ankle bones; roughly cube shaped Short bones | Short bones |
| Special type of bone that are form in tendon | Sesamoid bones |
| Complicated shapes bones that includes vertebrae and hip bones | Irregular bones |
| Name the type of bones that includes most skull, the sternum, scapula, and ribs | Flat bones |
| Where does the blood cell formation or hematopoiesis occurs? | in the marrow cavities of certain bones |
| Bone is reservoir for what TWO most important types of minerals? | calcium and phosphate |
| Name the FIVE functions of bones: | Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral and growth factor storage, and Blood cell formation |
| Projections, depressions, and openings that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or blood vessels and nerves | bone markings |
| The dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid is called | compact bone |
| Consists of honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces, called trabeculae is called | spongy bone |
| Blood cell formation | Hematopoiesis |
| Mature bone cells | Osteocytes |
| Location of red bone marrow | Spongy bone |
| Cartilage cells | Chondrocytes |
| Bone-building cells | Osteoblasts |
| Process of bone formation | Osteogenesis or ossification |
| Growth region (in length) of the long bone | Epiphyseal plate |
| Growth of bone in diameter | Appositional growth |
| Narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | Canaliculi |
| Basic functional unit of compact bone | Osteon |
| Tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | Trabeculae |
| Concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | Lamellae |
| The substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | Yellow bone marrow |
| Substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | Red bone marrow |
| The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | Calcium and phosphorus (hydroxyapatite) |
| The hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | Calcitonin |
| The hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | Parathyroid hormone |
| The hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | Estrogen |
| Elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | Testosterone |
| A hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | Thyroxine |
| A painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | Osteomyelitis |
| A condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | Osteopenia |
| Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with | Osteocalcin |
| A condition causing bow legs in a child | Rickets |
| A painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | Osteoporosis |
| Long bone | Femur of the leg |
| Short bone | Carpals of wrist |
| Flat bone | Sternum of breastbone |
| Irregular bone | Vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones |
| Sesamoid bone | Patella of knee |
| Large, rough, rounded projections | Tuberosity |
| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone |
| Trochanter | Very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection or process |
| Spine | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
| Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | Head |
| Smooth, nearly flat articular surface | Facet |
| Rounded articular projection | Condyle |
| Arm-like bar of bone | Ramus |
| Canal-like passageway | Meatus |
| Cavity within a bone | Sinus |
| Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface | Fossa |
| Furrow | Groove |
| Narrow, slit-like opening | fissure |
| Round or oval opening through a bone | foramen |
| Most abundant skeletal cartilage | Hyaline cartilage |
| Cartilage-forming cell | Chrondroblast |
| Able to withstand large amounts of compression | Fibrocartilage |
| Located in the external ear and epiglottis | Elastic cartilage |
| Encloses brain and other soft organs function as... | Protection |
| Site of attachment for skeletal muscles function as... | Movement |
| Calcium phosphate repository function as... | Mineral storage |
| Blood cell production function as... | Hematopoiesis |
| Bone-destroying cell | Osteoclast |
| Bone stem cell | Osteoprogenitor cell |
| Primary ossification center | Diaphysis |
| Secondary ossification center | Epiphysis |
| Site of length increase in long bones | Growth plate |
| Process of long bone development | Endochondral ossification |
| Layers of bone | Lamellae |
| Cavities in bone where cells live. | Lacunae |
| Major organic fiber of bone. | Collagen |
| Major inorganic component of bone | Calcium phosphate |
| Has length greater than width | Long bone |
| Length and width equal. | Short bone |
| Bone with complex shape. | Irregular bone |
| Thin bone. | Flat bone |
| Ovoid bone found in tendon. | Sesamoid bone |
| Shaft of a long bone | Diaphysis |
| Hollow space in the shaft. | Medullary cavity |
| Expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | Epiphysis |
| Thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity. | Endosteum |
| Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | Periosteum |
| Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? | Periosteum does NOT cover sesamoid bones, the articular surfaces of bones, or extend around tendon and ligament |
| Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect bone growth? | proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone | calcitonin |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | protect, store minerals, support the body and form new blood cells |
| Long bones differ from flat bones in that long bones | have epiphyses |
| Which of the following of the following statements about osteoclasts is incorrect? | Osteoclasts only reabsorb old bone matrix |
| The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of | yellow marrow |
| What is are the two types/functions of bone marrow? | Red and yellow- produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| Which of the following is not considered a long bone | C5 Vertebral Body |
| When an astronaut is in space for 2 months what may happen to their bone density as compared to a person living on earth? | The astronaut will experience bone loss at an increased rate as a person on earth |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal. | Because it is semi-solid and flexible; because has no or a limited blood supply |
| Which of the following is a location in which you would find fibrous cartilage | Pubic symphysis, interverbal discs |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. | fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? | protection of internal organs |
| Without red bone marrow, bones would not be able to ________. | make blood cells |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilages |
| The fontanelles of an infant's skull consists of | fibrous membrane |
| Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles? | The anterior and posterior fontanelles allow for overlapping of skull bones to decrease the diamiter of the fetal head at birth.; allows for brain growth; the anterior fontanelle closes at about 2 years of age; the fontanelles are fibrous membranes |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. | False |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | the shoulder joint is an example of all of these: multiaxial, freely movable, ball and socket |
| What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its postsynaptic receptor? | All of these are correct: Neurotransmitter molecules are transported into nearby glial cells; Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs; Neurotransmitter molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal. | Because it is semi-solid and flexible; because has no or a limited blood supply |
| Which of the following is a location in which you would find fibrous cartilage | Pubic symphysis, interverbal discs |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ____________________________ for energy. fat and triglycerides | fat and triglycerides |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe | false |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | cylindrical in shape |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| Because of how the clavicle articulates with the scapula, all shoulder movements involve the sternoclavicular joint. | true |
| Which of the following is not a function of muscles? | storage |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actine moves past myosin |
| The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the _____ joint. | knee |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | transverse tubule |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | negative feedback mechanisms |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | gliding |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | elbow joint |
| The structure of the knee joint permits movements of | flexion and extension |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | symphyses |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus |
| The joints between the articulating surfaces of the vertebral processes are classified as what type of joint? | gliding |
| The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called | extensibility |
| Repeated stimulation of muscle in time lessens its excitability and contractibility and may result in | fatigue |
| Synarthrotic joints are | immovable |
| Synovial joints are | freely movable |
| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a(n) | bursa |
| If a structural classification is used, joints are named according to the type of _____ tissue that joins the bones together. | connective |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _____ joint. | the shoulder joint is an example of all of these: multiaxial, freely movable, ball and socket |
| The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are | recruited |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase |
| Which of the following is not among the structures that characterize synovial joints? | tendons |
| Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size called | hypertrophy |
| _____ occurs when the foot is tilted upward, thus decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. | Dorsiflexion |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | all of the above: a relative lack of ATP; high levels of lactate; failure of the sodium-potassium pumps |
| Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is called: | abduction |
| Which of the following terms describes an isometric contraction? | Static tension |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: | interphalangeal joints |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect about motor units? | The more muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron, the more precise the movements of that muscle can be |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin |
| The ion necessary for cross-bridging is: | calcium |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | protection |
| An example of a pivot joint is(are) the: | head of the radius articulating with the ulna |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | single-unit smooth |
| The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cufflike arrangement around the _____ joint. | shoulder |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: | iron |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? | isometric |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction. | isotonic |
| Which joint allows for the widest range of movement? | ball and socket |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | synarthrosis |
| What are the most movable joints in the body? | synovial |
| The ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called: | irritability |
| Which structure functions to temporarily store calcium ions? | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: | myosin |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor neurons |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? | smooth |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract |
| Which joint allows for the most movement? | ball and socket |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by the: | all of the above are correct: amount of load; intial length of muscle fibers; recruitment of motor units |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | shoulder |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? | T-tubules |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | saddle |
| Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding heat production? | all of the above are correct: The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus; shivering will increase body temperature; body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| Moving a part of the body forward is: | protraction |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | latent period |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) | symaptic knob |
| The magnitude of the action potential peaks when the sodium channels close. | true |
| Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another? | neurotransmitters |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse |
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane is called the _____ membrane potential. | resting |
| The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps three potassium ions out of the neuron and two sodium ions into the neuron. | false |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called | hyperpolarization |
| The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a | slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. | refractory |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be | polarized |
| If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _____, voltage-gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open. | threshold potential |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a(n) | stimulus-gated channel |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? | Gated-channel receptor |
| What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its postsynaptic receptor? | All of these are correct: Neurotransmitter molecules are transported into nearby glial cells; Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs; Neurotransmitter molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump |
| In a myelinated neuron, the impulse can travel under the myelin between nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| In depolarization the membrane potential moves toward zero, whereas in hyperpolarization the membrane potential moves away from zero. | True |
| In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. | True |
| The speed of a nerve impulse depends on the neuron’s resting potential. | False |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: | any of the above: a dendrite; a cell body |
| When a neuron is resting, the inner surface of its plasma membrane is slightly positive compared with its outer surface. | False |
| The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a membrane is called the membrane potential. | True |
| When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. This is called | Temporal summation |
| If the threshold potential is surpassed, the full peak of the action potential is always reached. | true |
| Whether an impulse is continued through the neuron depends on the magnitude of the voltage in the axon hillock. | true |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. | saltatory |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | action |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | false |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
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Kandina123
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