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Bio Exam 2
Chapters 6-10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer embedded with many proteins |
| cytosol | aqueous semifluid bounded by the plasma membrane |
| chromosomes | DNA (genetic material) and proteins associated with the DNA |
| ribosomes | very large protein-RNA complexes that carry out protein synthesis (translation) |
| prokaryotic cells | -No membrane-bound organelles -DNA, typically double-stranded and circular in structure, is contained in a non-membrane bound region called the nucleoid -Cytoplasm is bound only by a plasma membrane |
| eukaryotic cells | -DNA, double-stranded and usually linear in structure, is contained in a membrane-bound organelle called the nucleus -Other membrane-bound organelles -Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus |
| nucleus | A eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions (genes in chromosomal DNA) are housed in the ________ and carried out by the ribosomes |
| ribosomes | A eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions (genes in chromosomal DNA) are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the __________ |
| nucleus | The _______ contains most of the cell's genes (in chromosomal DNA) and is usually the most noticeable organelle. |
| nuclear envelope | The ________ _______ encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm |
| nuclear pores | _______ ______ regulate the entry and exit of many molecules from the nucleus. |
| nuclear lamina | the _______ _____ maintains the shape of the nucleus, composed of protein filaments called intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins. |
| chromatin | the DNA and proteins of chromosomes together are called ___ |
| nucleolus | a roughly spherical "sub-organelle" of the nucleus in most animal, fungal, and plant cells. |
| Peripheral membrane | ______ _____ proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane |
| Integral membrane | ______ _______ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic cores and, in many cases, span the entire cell membrane. |
| transmembrane proteins | Integral membrane proteins that span the entire membrane are called ______ _______ |
| Hydrophobic molecules | ________ _______(nonpolar), such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly. |
| Hydrophilic molecules | _______ _______, such as ions and polar molecules, cannot diffuse through cell membranes. |
| endocytosis | in _______, a cell takes in macromolecules or, in some cases, entire cells, by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| phagocystosis | In ________ a cell engulfs a particle, or even another cell, by forming a food vacuole. |
| pinocytosis | In ________-, molecules dissolved in the extracellular environment of a cell are taken up when extracellular fluid is engulfed into tiny vesicles |
| ligand | A _______ is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |
| exocytosis | In _______, transport/secretory vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents to the extracellular environment. |
| cytosol | gylcolysis occurs in the ______ |
| citric acid cycle | the _____ _____ ______ transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2. |
| chloroplast | ______ are the sites of photosynthesis |
| mitochondria | ______ are the sites of cellular respiration |
| electronegativity | _________ is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself. |
| oxidized | When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor. |
| reduced | When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes ______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor. |
| glucose | In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is ______ |
| pyruvate | Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called _____ |
| NAD+ | _____ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis. |
| NADH | The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ______ |
| pyruvate, ATP, NADH | Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions? |
| 200nm | minimum resolution of a light microscope |
| 1000x | magnification of light microscope |
| bright field microscopy | a type of light microscopy; simplest; light passes directly through specimen then through glass lenses |
| phase-contrast microscopy | type of light microscopy; Specialized optics enhance contrast in cells by amplifying variations in sample density; Living cells can be observed without staining. |
| Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy | Use polarizers to exaggerate differences in the optical density of a specimen; gives samples a 3D appearance |
| fluorescence microscopy | Ultraviolet (UV) light is transmitted through a specimen; Fluorescently-tagged molecules absorb the UV light and emit visible light |
| confocal microscopy | Lasers and special optics are used to image specimens within a very narrow focal plane; Images are acquired point-by-point and reconstructed with a computer. |
| scanning electron microscope | type of electron microscope; focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, resulting in images with a 3-D appearance. |
| transmission electron microscope | type of electron microscope; focus a beam of electrons through a specimen. TEMs are used mainly to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. |
| prokaryotic | cell with: no membrane bound organelles; DNA that is typically double stranded and circular in shape; DNA contained in nucleoid; cytoplasm is bound only by a plasma membrane. |
| eukaryotic | cell with: DNA that is double stranded and usually linear in structure; DNA contained in the nucleus; has membrane bound organelles; cytoplasm is in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus; and larger than the other type of cell |
| aquaporins | channel proteins called ______ facilitate the passage of water |
| channel proteins | Some transport proteins, called ______ ____, have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use enter or leave a cell. |
| carrier proteins | Other transport proteins, called _______ _______, bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane |
| osmosis | _______ is the diffusion of a solvent (e.g., water) across a selectively permeable membrane from the side with lower TOTAL solute concentration to the side with higher solute concentration |
| catabolic | release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds (e.g., breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration). |
| anabolic | consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (e.g., synthesis of proteins from amino acids) |
| exergonic | reactions that proceed with a net release of free energy (DG is negative) |
| endergonic | reactions that absorb free energy (DG is positive) |
| substrate | The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme's _____ |
| active site | The ______ ______ is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. |
| induced fit | conformational change in an enzyme induced by binding of a substrate that brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction. |
| oxidation | removal of electrons |
| reduction | addition of electrons |
| fermentation | is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 |
| aerobic respiration | respiration that consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP |
| anaerobic respiration | is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 |
| cellular respiration | C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP |
| photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
Created by:
chatfield39
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