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GEOL Lecture Quiz 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Estuaries | - Semi-enclosed embayments open to the sea at one end and having significant river input - All estuaries have sea water entering at depth, mixing with riverine fresh water, and brackish water leaving at the surface |
| Lagoons | - Semi-enclosed embayments with the sea entering at one end with no significant riverine input |
| How are lagoons and estuaries formed? | - tectonic plates - drowned river or glacial valley - behind beach barriers |
| Deltas | - Protuberance (it sticks out!) along a shoreline where a river enters a body of water - A pile of sediment delivered to the coast by the river |
| Barrier Beaches | - Ribbons of sand between ocean and mainland (ex. Outer banks) Longshore currents move sand across bays building sits and barrier islands - Buffer the destructive energy from storms |
| Headlands | - Coastal landforms that jut out into the sea or ocean, often in a narrow, elongated shape. |
| Longshore drift | - Coastal process in which sediments, such as sand and pebbles, are transported along the shoreline parallel to the coast. - Driven primarily by the action of waves, which approach the shoreline at an angle and break at an angle to the coast |
| Tidal Flats | - Muddy to sandy areas uncovered by rise/fall of tides - Where strong wave activity is absent (behind barrier islands) |
| Types of Tidal Flats | - Subtidal: Below mean low tide - Intertidal: Between mean low and high tide; exposed on daily basis - Supratidal: Above mean high tide |
| Fjords | Flooded glacial valleys (common in norway and chile) |
| 3 types of deltas | - Wave: Smaller deltas, smooth shoreline, beaches and sand dunes, one main exit channel - Tide: Freshwater discharge overpowered by tidal currents, erosion important - River: Strong flow of fresh water and continental sediments, deposition |
| Examples of 3 deltas | - Wave Dominated: Nile Delta, Egypt - Tide Dominated: Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, India & Bangladesh - River Dominated: Mississippi Delta, USA |
| Coastal erosion and beach replenishment, and other engineering efforts. | Coastal erosion - gradual or sudden removal of land and sediments along a coastline due to various natural processes, - In beach replenishment, sand & sediments are brought to the eroded beach from external sources and deposited along the shoreline |
| Understand buffering role of barrier beaches, salt marshes | - Barrier Beaches: Beaches absorb and dissipate the energy of incoming waves, reducing the impact on the mainland. - Salt Marshes: Natural sponges, absorbing and storing excess water during storms and high tides less risk of flooding on coast |
| Issues and hazards of coastal construction | - Hurricane Risk: Coastal regions are particularly susceptible to the impacts of hurricanes - Coastal areas are prone to erosion, and construction in these areas can accelerate this natural process. |
| Erosion from land to sea | The process of the removal transportation of land materials, such as soil, rock, and sediment, from the coastline into the sea or ocean |
| Ways sediment is transported | Gravity Ice Wind Water |
| Issues around dams | Dams often trap sediment in their reservoirs which can lead to a decrease in storage capacity of the reservoir and build up sediment behind the dam |
| Where are thick deposits? Why? | Thick deposits are located on coastal regions of the atlantic ocean (e.g. gulf coast, NE coast of South America) - This is because there are Many large rivers that drain into the Atlantic Ocean (Mississippi and Amazon) |
| Movability of sand | - Sand is readily moved by water; takes more energy to erode than transport Ripples - gradually upwards and steed downwards = one way - more symmetrical and rounded = two way |
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