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Bio study guide 1st
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hippocrates | An imbalance of humors was thought to be the direct cause of all disease |
| Robert Hooke | Coins the term “cell” |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | first to observe living microbes |
| Edward Jenner | Developed a vaccine against smallpox |
| Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann | All plants and animals are made of cells |
| Karl von Siebold | Microbes are made up of cells; specifically, one cell each |
| Rudolf Virchow | All cells come from other cells |
| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Many women in childbirth were dying of “childbed fever” |
| Louis Pasteur | Develops “germ theory” |
| Joseph Lister | Began to clean surgical instruments and wounds |
| Robert Koch | Developed a way to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease |
| Types of pathogens? | Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protists, Parasites |
| Types of vectors? | Mosquitos, Flies, Ticks, Fleas, Bats |
| Pathogens are spread by 2 main routes: | Direct contact and indirect contact |
| diseases that are transmitted by a vector | Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Rabies |
| What conditions must be met before a specific pathogen is identified as the cause of a disease? | Association, Isolation, Causation, Re-isolation |
| Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, and eukaryotes do |
| Compare and contrast Bacteria and Archaea. | Bacteria and Archaea have different types of cell walls |
| Describe the structure of a bacterium. | Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes |
| obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, and facultative anaerobes differ from one another? | obligate aerobes use O2, obligate anaerobes can't, and facultative do both |
| Describe / identify and name the three most common shapes of bacteria. | bacilli, cocci, spirilla |
| Prokaryotes multiply by binary fission. Describe this process. | copy chromosome, allocate one each to opposite sides, split in half |
| What are the two ways in which bacteria can cause disease? | attacking cells directly, and producing toxins |
| How can antibiotics stop infections? | prevent prokaryotic cell wall formation |
| Why don’t antibiotics affect the cells of the patient/host? | eukaryotic cells have different cell walls from prokaryotic |
| What is antibiotic resistance? Why is it a problem? | antibiotic becomes less (or not at all) effective due to natural selection |
| Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses. | Antibiotics work on prokaryotes |
| Name five infections (examples) caused by bacteria. | strep, staph, tuberculosis, botulism, salmonella |
| Compare and contrast viruses and bacteria. | bacteria have a cell membrane; viruses do not |
| Compare and contrast vaccines and antibiotics. | vaccines produce an immune response; antibiotics target bacterial cells |
| What is the MAIN difference between living cells and viruses? | viruses are not cellular but living things are |
| How are viruses, viroids, and prions similar? How are they different? | none are cellular; each are made of different molecules |
| Name and describe the main structural components of a typical virus. | lipid envelope, capsid, DNA or RNA |
| List the types of genetic information that might be present in viruses | ssRNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, dsDNA |
| Be able to identify / describe differences that exist in the capsids of different viruses | shape and size |
| What is a bacteriophage? | a virus that infects a bacterium |
| Describe the shape and structure of a bacteriophage. | capsid, DNA, sheath, tail fibers |
| Compare and contrast the way a bacteriophage enters its host; with the way viruses enter eukaryotic cells | lands on cell and injects DNA into cell; enters via endocytosis |
| The lytic cycle | produces virus immediately after infection |
| A virus may lie dormant for years before any symptoms appear. Does this resemble a lytic or lysogenic infection? | lysogenic |
| What is a vaccine? What is the purpose of a vaccine? | weakened virus particles; immune system later recognizes same virus |
| Describe the steps by which vaccines prevent infections. | exposure; slow antibody production; exposure; rapid antibody production |
| Name five infections caused by viruses. | Ebola, SARS, HIV, Polio, Rabies |
| If a vaccine is in short supply, is it often recommended that older adults and children get vaccinated first. Why? | their immune systems are not as robust, so they are prioritized first |
| Why might getting a flu vaccination sometimes cause you to get a mild case of the flu? | your immune system is responding to the weakened virus in the vaccine |
| How did the work of Lister and Koch support Pasteur’s germ theory of disease? | Lister showed that living things cause infection because when he applied an acid that would kill cells, infection was prevented in his patients, Koch showed that living things cause illness by isolation germs. |
| Explain how the structure of a virus determines the type of host it can infect. | A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or glycoproteins in the viral envelope. The receptor sophistication means that the virus must have the correct structure. |
| Researchers studying infection can often grow bacteria easier than they can grow viruses. Why? | Bacteria growth is easier to spot, and viruses need a host cell to replicate |
| People infected with HIV, the virus that causes the disease AIDS, can make people become unable to fight off infections by organisms that normally do not harm people. Why is this? | HIV damages the immune system. |
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