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Syste Lec 4
Animal Nomenclature
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| History of Zoological Nomenclature. formal starting point. 10th edition of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae (also Clerks’ Aranei Svecici) | 1758 |
| Strickland code (botany and zoology) | 1842 |
| First ICZ meeting (Paris), tentative adoptation of a set of rules | 1889 |
| Fifth ICZ meeting (berlin), Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, publisied as Regles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique | 1901 |
| First edition of the code of Zoological Nomenclature | 1961 |
| Second edition | 1964 |
| Third edition | 1985 |
| Launch of fourth edition project | 1988 |
| Draft of fourth edition released by Secretariat | 1995 |
| Fourth edition (current edition). Taks effect from January 2000 | 1999 |
| Discussion on registration of names re-opened, Zoobank, Launch of fifth edition project | 2005 |
| Rules and considerations for Zoological Names | must be latinized, can be arbitrary combinations of letters, can be anagrams, binomial for species, Hyphenation permitted and should follow grammatical aggreements |
| –i or –ii is a patronym, | a name honoring a man. E.g. Alexander = Apogon alexanderi |
| –orum is a patronym, | Honoring a group Family name is Goffinet, you might use the name Saturnia goffinetorum. |
| –ae is a matronym, | honoring a female; e.g., if you want to name a new willow of the genus Salix after your favorite aunt and her name is Johana, you might use Salix johanae. |
| –ensis | refers to a place, E.g., Triticaphagus illinoiensis could be used for a species of flour beetle first found in Chicago. |
| Scientific Names are Latin, it follows? | Rules of Latin grammar apply and also it follows the Agreement in gender |
| Formation of species names: Scaridum grande S. longicaudum Brachionus bidentatus | After features: adjectives |
| Formation of species names: Eg. Trcichocerca tigris T. rattus T. cavia T. musculus T. porcellus | After other species: noun in apposition, adjective |
| One man- Tricodorus borgoniei One woman- T. catharinae Several man/woman- L. gallagherorum Several woman: stem + arum | After people: noun in genitive case |
| Eg. Trichodorus lusitanicus Paratrichodorus delhiensis | After places : adjejctival toponym |
| Trichocerca dizon-nutalli becomes T. dixonnutalli | No diacritic or other mark, ligature, apostrophe, etc. |
| Formal Requirement in ICZN | published, Latin, derivation is okay, it allow lots of freedom |
| Eucosma fandana Eucosma ganda | one -letter difference in naming species is okay |
| Stupidous Aurich | Fun with latin: |
| Panama canalia MArch, 1993 Belgica antarctica Mexico (Bettle and virus) Texas | Localities |
| Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 Kali Lloyd | Mythology |
| Leonardo davincii Bleszynski, 1965 | Persons "honorofics" |
| Aragara Walker, 1860 | Games with letters/ statistics |
| The Different Codes : a comparison The codes has different starting dates and world | Botanical : Species Plantarum, Linnaeus, 1753 Zoological: Systema Naturae, Linnaeus, 1753 and Araneae swecici Clerk, 1757 Bacteriological: January 1, 1980 (older names only when included in list of approved names) |
| The codes are independent | Inter-code homonyms are possible, allowed and common Lactarius nonfungus Nolf and Bajpai 1992 (fish) Lactariius nonfungus Verbeken 1996 : fungues |
| Names established at any rank within the family, genus, and species groups are deemed established at any rank within the group Family-group - super-, family, sub-, Tribus, sub- Genus-group - genus, sub- Species-group - species, sub- | Principle of Co-ordination: (zoology only) |
| Recommendation from Zoological Code: | “A zoologist should not propose a name that when spoken suggests bizarre, comical, or otherwise objectional meaning.”......but because this is only a recommendation there are, of course (wonderful and not so wonderful) exceptions |
| is the cornerstone of nomenclature Applies to species, generic, and family group names (zoological code does not regulate names above the family level) a recommendation for higher categories | Priority |
| ingle specimen designated by the author, at the time of description. | HOLOTYPE |
| ingle specimen designated by a subsequent worker from the type series (syntypes or co-types) | LECTOTYPE |
| if no type or member of the type genus remains | NEOTYPE |
| Invalid or incorrect names | Nomina dubium (Latin for "doubtful name", plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. Nomina inquirenda is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation |
| When do names must be changed? (ICZN) | Synonym, Homonymy |
| A synonym. The correct or valid name (usually the oldest) | Senior Synonym |
| available (or legitimate) synonym names, but not accepted | Junior Synonym |
| Same type specimen | Objective (or in botany= nomenclatural) / Homotypic |
| Taxa made equivalent by taxonomic decision One or more names must “fall into synonymy” | Subjective (or in botany= taxonomic) synonym / Heterotypic |
| (principle of priority) Argus Bohadsch, 1761 is the only valid name Argus Scopoli, 1763 Argus Gray, 1847 Argus Gerhard, 1850 | Homonyms |
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