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Geology Lab
Coastal Processes and Landforms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| degradation | state of declining agricultural productivity due to natural and or human causes. |
| desertification | the process of and degradation toward drier, true desert conditions |
| eolian process | erosion and deposition associated with wind |
| fluvial process | processes associated with degradation, erosion by streams and flash floods developed after infrequent rains |
| barchan dunes | crescent shaped dunes that occur where sand supply is limited and wind direction is fairly constant. Form around shrubs or large rocks |
| transverse dunes | occur where sand supply is greater and they form as ridges perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. |
| parabolic dunes | resemble barchans but their hors point in the opposite direction - upwind. oval depressions |
| longitudinal (linear) dunes | occur in some modern deserts where sand is abundant and cross winds merge to form high elongated dunes. |
| blowout | shallow depression developed where wind has eroded and blown out the soil and fragmented rock |
| star dunes | pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes |
| arroyos | steep-walled canyons with gravel floors |
| mesas | when bedrock lies roughly horizontal they create broad flat topped cliffs |
| buttes | eroded mesas that become small stout barrel like rock columns |
| alluvial fan | fan-shaped, delta-like deposit made at the mouth of a stream or arroyo, where it enters a graben, level plain or basin |
| bajada | a continuous apron of coalescing alluvial fans below a mountain front |
| mountain front | sharp angled intersection where the steep lower slope of a mountain range meets a pediment or alluvial fan and the slope of the land changes |
| pediment | gently inclined erosion surface in the upper part of the piedmont slope. it is carved into bedrock and generally has a thin veneer of alluvium |
| playa | shallow, almost flat, central part of a desert basin, in which water gathers after a ran and evaporates to leave behind silt, clay and salts |
| bolson | a basin into which water drains from the surrounding mountains to a central playa; closed basin |
| submergent coastline | one that is flooding and receding (retrogradational) |
| transgression | sea level rise is caused either by the water level rising |
| subsidence | land getting lower |
| emergent coastline | created by a falling seal level. one that is being elevated above sea level and building out into water (progradational). |
| regression | sea level fall caused by the water level actually falling |
| barrier island | long, narrow island that parallels the mainland coastline and is separated from the mainland |
| beach | gently sloping deposit of sand and gravel along the edge of the shoreline |
| berm crest | the highest part of a beach |
| washover fan | fan shaped deposit of sand or gravel transported and deposited landward of the beach during storms or high tides |
| estuary | river valley flooded by a rise in the level of ocean or lake |
| longshore current | water current in the surf zone (where waves break). it slowly flows parallel to shoreline, driven by waves that were caused by wind |
| delta | sediment deposit at the mouth of a river where it enters an ocean or lake |
| headland | projection of land that extends into an ocean or lake and generally has cliffs along its water boundary |
| spit | a sand bar extending from the end of a beach into the mouth of and adjacent bay |
| tidal flat | muddy or sandy area that is covered with water at high tide and exposed at low tide |
| saltmarsh | marsh that is flooded by ocean water at high tide |
| groin | short wall constructed perpendicular to the shoreline in order to trap sand and make or build up beaches |
| jetties | long walls extending from shor at the mouths of harbors and used to protect the harbor entrance from filling with sand or being eroded by waves and currents. |
| sea wall | embankment of boulders, reinforced by concrete against a shoreline to prevent erosion by waves or currents |
| breakwater | an offshore wall constructed parallel to a shoreline to break waves |
| wave cut cliff | sea cliff. seaward facing cliff along steep shoreline produced by wave erosion |
| wave cut platform | bench or shelf at sea level along a steep shore formed by wave erosion |
| marine terrace | elevated platform that is bounded on its seaward side by a cliff or steep slope |
| stack | isolated rocky island near a headland cliff |
| tombolo | sand bar that connects and island with the mainland or another island |
| tied island | an island connected to the mainland or another island by a tombolo |
Created by:
Harper
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