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Anatomy Chap 24
Nutrition and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| need only small amts (vitamins and minerals) | micronutrients |
| needed for rowth, maintanance, repair | nutrients |
| cannot be synthesized by body.. must come from diet | essential nutrients |
| can be synthesized from other material/nutrients | nonessential nutrients |
| theseproteins help with cytoskeletal structure | fibrous protein |
| enzymes > allow biochemical reactions to occur to keep us alive | globular proteins |
| come from meat, fish, eggs, milk. dont need other nutrients to be considered whole. | complete proteins |
| all amino acids must be present to make protein in the body | all-or-none rule |
| if inadequate, then body burns amino acids for energry (ATP) | Adequate caloric intake |
| certain hormones accelerate protein synthesis | hormonal controls |
| making more proteins than breaking down for energy | positive nitrogen balance |
| break down of proteins for enery, exceeds into tissues | negative nitrogen balance |
| nutritionists recommend 0.8 g/kg of body weight | dietary requirement for protein |
| these are either simple or complex | carbohydrates |
| dietary sources of carbohydrates are: | mostly from plants (lactose from milk) |
| mnosaccharides and disaccharides are examples of _________ and found in | simple carbs; fruits, suars can, milk, honey |
| polysaccharides are examples of _______ and found in | complex carbs; starches from grains and veggies |
| non-digestible material in foods; usually plant polysaccharides | fiber |
| _______ fiber forms gel in water. reduces bld cholesterol | solube |
| ________ fiber absorbs water, provides bulk to stool, stimulates peristalsis and motility of large intestine | insoluble fiber |
| primary feul used to make ATP | glucose |
| other sugars like fructose and galactose are converted to ______ in the _________. | glucose; liver |
| nutritionists reccommend at least 130 g/day to support brain activity | dietary carbohydrate requirements |
| can serve as feul source. concentrated source of calories. | fats |
| adds flavor and tenderness to foods and satisfies hunger | fats |
| synthesis of hormones; integral part of cell membranes | cholesterol |
| these fats are found in meats, dairy foods, hydrogenated oils | saturated fats |
| these fats are found in seeds, nuts, most veggie oils | unsaturated fats |
| fat found in egg yolk, meats, shellfish, dairy | cholesterol |
| nutritionists recommend no more than 30% of total cal/day | dietary fat requirements |
| organic compounds needed in small amounts for growth and good health. not used as feul or building blocks | vitamins |
| most of these help enzymes to perform their functions | vitamins |
| absorbed along with water from GI tract. excess not stored in body. excreted in urine ~ 1 hr after ingestion. Give 2 examples | water soluble vitamins; B-complex and Vit C |
| absorbed bound to ingested lipids. excess stored in adipose tissue in body. accumulation can lead to toxicity | Vits A, D, E, K |
| used for strength of structures (bones) source of ions for chem gradients. parts of molecules (phospholipids) | minerals |
| building larger/complex molecules from simpler ones | anabolic chemical reactions |
| break down of complex molecules into simpler ones | catabolic hemical reactions |
| catabolic reactions where food molecules are broken down inside cells to produce ATP | cellular respiration |
| complete breakdown of catabolic intermediates. | citric acid cycle (kreb's cycle) |
| high-energy electrons (H atoms) used to generate ATP | oxidative phosphorylation |
| loss of electrons | oxidation |
| gain of electrons | reduction |
| break down of glucose to pyruvic acid. occurs in cytosol. produces little ATP | glycolysis |
| essentially glucose metabolism | carb metabololism |
| complete brekdown. occurs in mitochond. produces little ATP and e- | citric acid cycle |
| high energy e- used to make TAP. occurs n mitochondria. produce most TAP | oxidative phosphorylation |
| formation of glycogen from excess glucose. occurs when ATP levels are high. storage of glucose for later use | glycogenesis |
| breakdown of glycogen to glucose. occus when bld glucose levels drop | glycogenolysis |
| forming new glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate molecules. occusrs in liver when too little glucose is available. allows continued supply of glucose to brain. | gluconeogenesis |
| _____ are triglycerides which btw meals are broken down to _______ and ______ | lipds; glycerol;fatty acids |
| products of _____ are released into blood stream and serve as source of energy for other cells | lipids |
| converted to G3P via gluconeogenesis | glycerol |
| beta-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA. enters citric acid cycle | [free] fatty acids |
| protein taken in from diet and are broken into amino acids | protein metabolism |
| amino acids broken down into intermediates (keto acids) and enter the citric acid cycle | oxidation of amino acids |
| removal of amine group and converts amino acid into keto acid | deamination |
| all composite amino acids need to be present in order to make the protein. if one is missing, the protein is not made and the amino acids are used for energy. | protein synthesis |
| 4 hrs during and after each meal/ nutrients from food in bld stream. | absorptive state |
| all absorbed monosaccharides go to the liver | cardohydrate absorption |
| excess glucose stored as _______ in skeletal muscle | glycogen |
| primary energy source for adipose cells, liver cells, heart, skeletal muscle cells (resting) | triglycerides |
| used by other cells when carbs are limited | triglycerides |
| after nutrient from meal absorbed from bld. net synthesis of protein, fat, gllycogen stops. | postabsorptive state |
| strongly promotes postabsorptive pathways to increase bld glucose | glucagon |
| 15% comes from diet. 85% is made by liver from acetyl-CoA | cholesterol supply |
| good cholesterol. increased by exercise, eating monosaturated oil. decreased by cigs, coffee, stress | HDL |
| bad cholesterol. increased by trans fat and decreased by exercise | LDL |
| total heat produced by all chemical reactions and mechanical work by body | metabolic rate |
| energy burned to perform only essential activities (~1400 kcal/day) | Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
| lowest metabolic rate occurs during _________. | sleep |
| energy burned for all activities. most increases come from skel. muscle activity | total metabolic rate |
| produced by all organs of the body. incr dramatically by musculary activity | heat production |
| if body temp _______, neurons are depressed; proteins denatured | too high |
| if body temp______, biochem rxns slower, but usually okay if not very cold | too low |
| hypothalamus is main integration center for themoregulation | body temperature regulation |
| controlled hyperthermia. usually die to infection | fever |
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