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Syste Lec 3
Plant Nomenclature
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Nomenclature? | Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system. |
| What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature? | International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) , formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN. |
| What organisms are covered by the ICN? | Land plants, "algae", and fungi (+slime mo.ds, water molds) |
| What are two basic activities governed by the ICN? | 1. Naming new taxa 2. Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way) |
| What are legitimate and illegitmate names? | legitimate names are in accordance with thr rules of the ICN. while, legitimate names violate one or more rules of the ICN. |
| What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? | independent, nomenclatural types, priority of publication, each taxon can only have one correct name, scientific names are latin, the rules are retroactive |
| What are the rules vs. recommendations of the ICN? | Rules = required Recommendations = not required |
| What is a scientific name? | the names assigned by the rules of the ICN In Latin language |
| Who first consistently used binomials? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| What is the correct form of binomials? | binomial = two names, genus + specific epithet |
| Scientific Names usually italicized or underlined: Scientific Names may be bolded: | Quercus dumosa Nuttall |
| Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous? | -Only scientific names are universal, used the same worldwide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory -Common names are not consistent. -Common names tell nothing about rank; scientific names do. -Many organisms have no common name in any language. |
| What is rank? | Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks. |
| What is position? | Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae) |
| (plantae) What are the ranks? Phylum (division) | Magnoliaphyta, -phyta |
| What are the ranks? Subphylum | Magnoliaphytina, -phytina |
| What are the ranks? Class | Magnoliopsida, -opsida |
| What are the ranks? Subclass | Asteridae, -idae |
| What are the ranks? Superorder | Asteranaea, -anae, iflorae |
| What are the ranks? Order | Asterales, -ales |
| What are the ranks? Suborder | Asterineae, -ineae |
| What are the ranks? Family | Asteraceae, -aceae |
| What are the ranks? Subfamily | Asteroideae, -oideae |
| What are the ranks? TRIBE | Heliantheae, -eae |
| What are the ranks? Subtribe | Helinathinae, -inae |
| What are the ranks? Genus | Helianathus |
| What are the ranks? Subgenus and section | Helianthus |
| What are the ranks? Species | Helianthus annuus |
| What are the ranks? Subspecies | Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus |
| What are the ranks? Variety | Helianthus annuus var. annuus |
| What are the ranks? | (add table) |
| What is the rank of: (check index) | |
| Standardized endings for names of taxa: (check index) | |
| Alternate Family/Subfamily Names (9) | Apiaceae = Umbelliferae Arecaceae = Palmae Asteraceae =Compositae Brassicaceae=Cruciferae Fabaceae=Leguminosae Faboideae=Papilionoideae Clusiaceae = Guttiferae Lamiaceae = Labiatae Poaceae = Gramineae |
| What is a ternary name? | subspecies or variety name (both are infraspecific names) |
| What is of higher rank? | order is higher than family |
| What is Authorship? | the name of the person who first validly published the name AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED: |
| How to learn scientific names: | Syllabize and accent. Use mnemonic devices. Learn the etymology (meaning). Practice and review: oral and written recitation. |
| What is a nomenclature type? | simply type, A type specimen is a specimen selected to serve as a reference point when a plant species is first named. Element associated with scientific names serves the purpose of acting as a reference for the name |
| Different “types of types.” (8) | Holotype, Isotype, Lectotype, Neotype, Syntype, Isosyntype, Paratype, Epitpe |
| is the one specimen or illustration upon which a name is based, originally used or designated at the time of valid publication. | HOLOTYPE |
| is a duplicate specimen of the holotype, | ISOTYPE |
| is a specimen that is selected from the original material to serve as the type when no holotype was designated at the time of publication, if the holotype is missing, | LECTOTYPE |
| is a specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type as long as all of the material on which the name was originally based is missing. | NEOTYPE |
| any specimen that was cited in the original work when a holotype was not designated; | SYNTYPE |
| a duplicate of a syntype | ISOSYNTYPE |
| a specimen cited in the valid publication, but that is not a holotype, isotype, or syntype; | PARATYPE |
| – a specimen (or illustration) that is selected to serve as an “interpretive” type if the holotype, lectotype, or neotype is ambiguous with respect to the identification and diagnosis of the taxon. | EPITYPE |
| Taxa at which ranks have types? | Types exist for all ranks up to family |
| What is a priority of publication? | Name published first is the legitimate one |
| When and with what publication begin? | Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753 (with exceptions) |
| Adverse consequences of priority of publication for conservation of names? How to correct? | Nomina familiarum conservanda Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda Nomina species conservanda |
| Rationale for the Conservation of names | To provide greater stability in nomenclature by permitting names that are well known and widely used to persist, even upon the discovery of an earlier, but more obscure, name. |
| Two reasons for name change? | -Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate). - Additional research has changed definition and delimitation of a taxon. |
| What is a basionym? | The “name bearing” name. The original (possibly now rejected) name, part of which (the epithet) has been used in a new combination. |
| Author(s) in parentheses? | Person(s) who named basionym. Retained! |
| What is an autonym? | Automatically created name for infrafamilial, infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa. Created when taxa are divided. Assigned based on priority of publication. Autonyms have no authors. |
| What are the main criteria of valid publication? | published, Latinized, must have latin or english description, rank must be indicated, and nomenclatural type must indicated |
| What is a Protologue ? | is “everything associated with a name at its valid publication which include – description or diagnosis, – illustrations, – references, – synonymy, – geographical data, – citation of specimens, |
| What is a synonym? | a rejected name, by a particular author or authors. Synonyms usu. indicated in brackets; e.g., Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams [Rhus laurina Nutt.] |
| Why was a synonym was rejected? | because illegitimate. because of taxonomic judgement. |
| What are the Two types of synonyms: | Homotypic (nomenclatural) – based on the same type specimen Heterotypic (taxonomic) – based on a different type specimen |
| What is a correct name? | A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name that is accepted by a particular author or authors. Each taxon can have only one correct name. |
| How can a name be legitimate but not correct? | There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names. Only one of these can be correct (in any given work). |
| What is a homonym? | = synonym identical to accepted, correct name. |
| What is a tautonym? | binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling. Tautonyms are not permitted by the ICN! |
| Abbreviations: in | "in the publication of" |
| Abbreviations: ex | "validly published" |
| Abbreviations: s.l | sensu lato, "in the broad sense" |
| Abbreviations: s.s or s. str. | sensu stricto, "in the narrow sense" |
| Abbreviations: x | a hybrid |
| Abbreviations: sp. nov | "species novum" |
| Abbreviations: cf | "confer" meaning compare |
| Abbreviations: aff. | "affine" means related to |
| What does Independence of Botanical Nomenclature implies? | Same names can exist in botanical and zoological codes. |
| What does Retroactivity of the ICN implies? | Botanical Latin is best described as a modern Romance language of special technical application (Stern 1992)., botanical names are treated as Latin, the Latin alphabet and grammatical rules must be used. |
| Gender | All Latin words have a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter Gender determination is usually only of concern for names at the rank of genus or below. |
| Gender name endings (check index) | |
| Commemorative names | are those named after a person or place. Specific or infraspecific commemorative names are usually treated as the genitive case (denoting possession) and must have genitive endings |
| Commemorative Epithets | Name of persons, generally to honor or commemorate the man or woman who first discovered a particular species. It has a genitive ending |
| If the name ends in any vowel except a (e,i,o,u, and y), what letter is added? | -i |
| If the name ends in a, the letter, what letter is addded | -e |
| If the name ends in consonant, what is added as the name ending? | -ii |
| If the name ends in er, only what letter is added? | -i |
| TRUE OR FALSE. If a name is used as an adjective, it must agree in case and gender with the genus it modifies. | TRUE |
| NOMECLATURE AND THE CODES | Codes ensure precise system of naming and ranks Providing system of names that are unique, stable, and universal Rules of Nomenclature given in International Codes * Separate codes for botany, zoology, microbiology, viruses, and domesticated animals. |
| Why Nomenclature? | Fundamental aim of nomenclature : avoid a Tower of Babel “The objects of the code are to promote stability and universality in the scientific names and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinct.” |
| History of Scientific Nomenclature | Vernacular names are greek and roman naturalist, Latin names are pre-linnaean naturalist, Linnaeus 18th century taxonomic system Species Planatarum 1753, Systema Naturae 1758- the binomial names, Need for universal codes |
| Why do names change? | Increased scientific understanding (e.g. discoveries, changes in species concept, phylogenetic understanding Correct application of nomenclatural codes (correction of errors, homonyms) |
| Nomenclatural Codes. Similarities between the Botanical and Zoological Codes. Both the ICBN and the ICZN aim to: | Ensure a unique scientific name for every taxon. Provide rules for publication , Ensure adequate documentation and dating of names, Ensure typification, Provide an administrative system |
| Nomenclatural Code: Differences between the codes. | One important point is that the two codes are independent; the same genus name may be used for an animal and for a plant. |
| Differences between the Botanical and Zoological Codes of Nomenclature . | INterdependence, Scope, Starting point dates, names |
| The 2 codes are independent. A genus name can be used by botany, and the identical name used in zoology without violating any rules. | Interdependence |
| ICBN regulates name from Division to subform. ICZN regulates names from Superfamily to subspecies | Scope |
| ICBN: Latin diagnosis required for valid publication. ICZN: Latin diagnosis not required. | Diagnosis |
| Starting point Date | ICBN: 1753, 1801, 1821, 1848, 1886, 1892, 1900. ICZN: 1758 |
| Names. Tautonyms (Binomens with identical genus and species term). | ICBN: not allowed. ICZN: Species name tautonyms allowed, e.g., Mitra mitra |
| Orthography . Different Endings Used for Higher Taxa (check index) | |
| ZOOLOGICAL CODE: Genus & species ranks only BOTANICAL CODE: All ranks; however, this is not yet mandatory, only encouraged. | ITALICIZATION |
| Fossils | ICBN Names based on a Recent type have priority over name based on fossil type (except for algae). ICZN No such rule. |
| Synonym?? | are different scientific names of the same rank that pertain to the same taxon, for example two names for the same species The earliest such name is called the senior synonym, while the later name is the junior synonym. |
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