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Biology YR 10

All of YR 10 Semester 2 Bio

TermDefinition
Chromosome a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Gene Gene, unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position on a chromosome and consist of DNA
Nucleotide the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
Mitosis One Division, Two Cell Out come, Its Ploidy is a Diploid, its use is Body Cells and its genetic is identical cells.
Meiosis Two divisions ending in 4 cells, a crossover, synapsis and independent assortment, its ploidy is a haploid and its use is sex cells and genetics, variation.
Amino acid organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Adenine Pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Stages of Mitosis Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase + Cytokinesis
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
Allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence
Phenotype all the observable characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction of its genotype
Genotype Genotypes are the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from both parents.
Recessive When both alleles are lowercase
Dominant When one or more alleles are capital
Punnett Square is a graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event
Homozygous When the alleles are the same
Heterozygous when the alleles are different
Variation any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused either by genetic differences
Biological Fitness ability to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring
Mutation an alteration in the genetic material
Speciation how a new kind of plant or animal species is created
Species A group of organisms that share common characteristics, can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Isolation processes that prevent two species from interbreeding: ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical/chemical and geographical
Evolution the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth
Adaption the process in which a living thing changes slightly over time to be able to continue to exist in a particular environment
Natural Selection the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.
Lamarck According to Lamarck's theory, a given giraffe could, over a lifetime of straining to reach high branches, develop an elongated neck.
Darwin Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.
Trait a distinguishing quality or characteristic
Divergent the process by which a population of an inbreeding species diverges into two or more descendant species that have become more and more dissimilar in terms of forms and structures.
Convergent a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the independent evolution of analogous structures in unrelated species
Biodiversity Biodiversity is the diversity of species and ecosystems.
Ecosystem A biological community of species and their interaction (biotic factors), and the physical environment (abiotic factors).
Niche the functional role that it plays within an ecosystem.
Habitat place where an organism or a community of organisms lives
Measures of Biodiversity There are three measurable components of biodiversity, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity
Species richness Number of different species present in an ecosystem.
Limiting factors environmental influences that constrain the productivity of organisms, populations, or communities
Abiotic and Biotic Factors refer to all the non-living, i.e. chemical and physical factors present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Interspecific existing or occurring between different specie
Intraspecific produced, occurring, or existing within a species or between individuals of a single species
Trophic Pyramids the basic structure of interaction in all biological communities characterized by the manner in which food energy is passed
Trophic levels any step in a nutritive series, or food chain, of an ecosystem
Food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem
Food Chain the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism.
Keystone Species a keystone species is an organism that helps hold the system together
Trophic Cascades an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators
Phosphate group a chemical structure that consists of one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms.
Nitrogenise Base Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
Deoxyribose Sugar Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules
Genetic diversity measure of how many variations there are in genetic code between individuals of a particular species or between different species.
Species diversity measure of how many different species are present in an area and how many individuals of these species there are.
Ecosystem/ habitat diversity measure of how many different habitats are present.
Low biodiversity isn't necessarily cause for concern - the Artic and Antarctic contains habitats that naturally have a low biodiversity compared with tropical rainforests. What's more important is the loss of biodiversity.
Pedigrees Vestigial Structures
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid - organic chemical of complex molecular structure that is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits.
RNA ribonucleic acid - Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
Homologous Structures Features that have a similar structure but perform different functions and is known as divergent evolution.
Analogous Structures Different structure, same function.
Vestigial Structures Structure the currently has no useful purpose.
Simpson's index of biodiversity gives a number between 0 (no diversity) and one (infinite diversity)
Percentage Frequency Proportion of quadrats that contained a particular species Gives information as to the distribution within the habitat.
Percentage Cover Determines abundance by estimation the percentage of a quadrat taken up by a species.
Species Abundance Refers to the number of individuals of species present. Ecosystem is generally considered healthier if its species are similar in number.
Species Richness Number of different types of species present in an ecosystem/ specified area.
Interphase 90% of a cell's time is spent in interphase. During interphase, the DNA replicates.
Prophase In prophase, the chromosomes become visible as they shorten and thicken. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Structures called centrioles form at the ends of the cells. Spindle fibbers radiate from the centrioles at the opposite poles.
Metaphase In metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell.
Anaphase Chromatids separate to become two independent chromosomes. Spindle fibbers contract and pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase Cells pinches in, two nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil.
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, when the cytoplasm and its contents split into two new cells.
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