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BioChemistry
BiocChemistry Review For Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What element do organic compounds have to contain? | Carbon |
| What type of bonds does a carbon atom make and why can it make such a large variety of molecules? | Covalent bonds, because each atom can bond 4 times to a variety of other atoms |
| Why are functional groups an important part of an organic molecule and can an organic molecule have more than one of them? | They cause the organic molecule to be polar (charged), nonpolar (no charge), acidic, basic, and determine whether they will participate in chemical reactions. Organic molecules can have one or more functional groups. |
| What are the building block molecules (smaller organic molecules) of larger organic molecules called? | Monomers |
| Contrast a dehydration synthesis (DS) reaction with a hydrolysis reaction. | DS reactions connect monomers into polymers and create a water molecule each time the monomers connect. Hydrolysis reactions disconnect polymers into monomers by using a water molecule each time the monomers disconnnect. |
| Give examples of a dehydration synthesis reactions | Monosaccharides being joined to make disaccharides and polysaccharides, fatty acids being joined to a glycerol to make a triglyceride, amino acids joining to make a polypeptide chain of a protein, nucleotides being joined to make a polynucleotide chain of |
| Give examples of a hydrolysis reactions | Carbohydrates being digested into monosaccharides in the small intestine, lipids(fats) being digested into fatty acids in the small intestine, proteins being digested into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine |
| How many hydrogen atoms are there compared to oxygen and carbon atoms in carbohydrates? | Twice as many hydrogens as oxygen and carbons atoms (ex. Glucose C6 H12 O6) |
| What is an isomer? | Atoms with the same number of atoms but arranged differently (ex. Fructose and Glucose) |
| What is a monosaccharide and give an example? | Single carbohydrate monomer - ex. glucose, fructose |
| What is a disaccharide and give an example? | Two connected carbohydrate monomers - ex. sucrose, maltose |
| What is a polysaccharide and give an example? | Three or more connected carbohydrate monomers- ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen |
| How plants store energy as a carbohydrate | Starch |
| How animals store energy as a carbohydrate | Glycogen (in liver and muscle cells) |
| Type of polysaccharide that plants use to strengthen their cell walls (need a special stomach to digest/known as fiber also) | Cellulose |
| What are monomers? | Smaller organic molecules that combine to make polymers |
| Monomer of a lipid or fat | Fatty Acid |
| Why do fatty acids store 2x energy as a carbohydrate or protein? | Because they have long chains of carbons bonded to hydrogen atoms. |
| Describe the structure of a triglyceride. | Three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule |
| What is the function of a triglyceride? | To store energy |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Oils found in plants that are liquids at room temperature/have chains with double bonds that cause kinks - can't pack together |
| Saturated fatty acids | Solid fats found in animals that are solids at room temperature/ chains with no double bonds keeping them straight -pack together |
| Phospholipids | Main portion of the cell membrane (protects the cell and controls what enters and exits) |
| Why is cholesterol different from other lipids? | It isn't made of fatty acids but instead made of 4 fused carbon rings. |
| Why is cholesterol important for animals? | It helps stabilize the phospholipids of the cell membrane |
| What are the building blocks of proteins (monomers) and how many different ones are there? | amino acids/ 20 |
| What part of an amino acid makes it different from another one? | R or variable group of atoms |
| What makes a protein different from another one? | The order and amount of amino acids in their polypeptide chain and how they fold up causing them to have a different structure. |
| Why are proteins important to us? | These make most of the structural and functional parts of organisms. ex. - muscles, skin, enzymes, antibodies |
| Element found in proteins but not found in carbohydrates or lipids | Nitrogen |
| How many levels of structure do the largest proteins have? | Four (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) |
| Denaturing a protein affects all levels of structure except | The primary structure - order of amino acids |
| Order of how the Genes of DNA code for a protein | DNA --> RNA ---> Protein |
| What can cause the amino acids of a protein to be assembled incorrectly? | Mutation to the DNA code |
| Building block of a nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) | Nucleotide |
| What are the three parts to a nucleotide? | Phosphate functional group, nitrogen base molecule and sugar molecule |
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